Showcase Cinemas Summer Reading Program for Kids

The Showcase Cinemas summer reading program (formerly National Amusements) gives kids free movie tickets to see a free summer movie each week for each book they read and fill out a book report over. The Showcase Cinemas summer reading program for 2018 is called Bookworm Wednesdays. Looking for more summer reading programs that will score your kids some freebies? Check out my list of the best summer reading program freebies. How to See Free Movies From the Showcase Cinemas Summer Reading Program Visit Showcase Cinemas Bookworm Wednesdays and click on Download the Book Report to open a PDF file of the book report form. Print out the book report and fill out the title of the book you read, the author, a description of the book, and the childs name. Bring the completed book report into a participating Showcase Cinemas movie theater each Wednesday from July 11, 2018, to August 1, 2018, for the 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. movie to get free admission. Free Movies Available From the Showcase Cinemas Summer Reading Program The Showcase Cinemas summer reading program gives out free movie tickets to a select kids movies that play every Wednesday morning at 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. (depending on your theater location) beginning on July 11 until August 1. This means that your kid can see 4 free movies this summer! Heres the schedule for the free Showcase Cinemas kids movies: July 11: FerdinandJuly 18: TrollsJuly 25: Kung Fu Panda 3August 1: Captain Underpants Limits to Be Aware Of The Showcase Cinemas summer reading program is available only at participating Showcase Cinemas locations. Parents who take their kid for the free movie get free admission as do children 6 years and younger without submitting a book report.

Career And Life Of An Obstetrician - 978 Words

Emjae Fisbeck Toews English 1 4 May 2015 There are so many careers to choose from in the world. I have changed my mind about my career and lifestyle so many times. It was hard to find a career suitable to me, but I found one that sparks my interests. Obstetricians work with pregnancy, labor and delivery of women. This career is something I would aspire in doing and fits my lifestyle. To become an obstetrician it requires an average of 12 years of education and training. You need to complete a four year bachelor s degree along with four years of medical school and three to eight years of residency. Obstetricians are primary caregivers of women during their pregnancies. Obstetricians main purpose is to deliver healthy babies, but they also provide medical care to women at various life stages. The skills of an obstetrician don’t just lie only in prenatal, labor and delivery. Theses doctors also diagnose illness and disease, prescribing contraceptives, routine exams and tests. Acquired with an aptitude in science and medicine obstetricians require certain skills. An OB GYN should have critical thinking, decision making, and problem solving skills. Also, obstetrician work with a lot of patients and should be able to communicate clearly and listen actively. Most obstetricians go into private practice after they have had enough work experience and training. Job opportunities are increasing by 18% which is faster than any other job. You should start out with earning a bachelor sShow MoreRelatedBecoming A Labor And Delivery Nurse1249 Words   |  5 PagesLife begins inside of the female body of a soon to be mother. After the sperm of that woman’s significant partner has reached her fertilized egg, she is then announced pregnant after her first missed period. During the mother’s nine month pregnancy, she could be experiencing excess weight, swollen feet or ankles, vomiting, emotional outburst, inability to sleep, unusual cravings, or depression. 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Evaluation of The Mandatory Construction Induction Training Program In

Question: 1.1 Evaluate a range of primary and secondary methods for obtaining information including the use of online facilities for the research into an HR and/ or management practice.1.2 Compare and contrast data from different sources and publications.2.1 Identify an area of HR/ business practice which can be investigated2.3 Justify the choice and application of data collection methods and research instruments to explore an area under investigation2.4 Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a research study4.1 Identify key stakeholders, their interests and needs4.2 Evaluate different ways of presenting data to meet stakeholder needs.4.3 Use an appropriate mix of diagrammatic and narrative formats.? Answers: Introduction: Human asset administration is the point of convergence of cutting edge associations as they rigging towards upgrading their abilities in a profoundly aggressive environment. In that capacity, associations have needed to battle with various difficulties going from changing innovation to the absence of enough talented specialists. Introduction is an arranged procedure whereby recently enrolled representatives are presented and acquainted with their new work environment. This incorporates meeting their collaborators and being familiar with different parts of the association. Furthermore, induction may incorporate such basic subjects as the area of a specific office and such complex issues like profession improvement. It is also affirmed that prompting, as an arranged procedure is equipped for profiting whole associations and particular people (Acas.org.uk, 2015). This is so in light of the fact that it permits new workers to adjust to their new occupations and turn out to be completely dedicated and gainful representatives at a quick pace. Discussion: Description, Literature Review And Good Practice Managers participate in long procedures of worker enrollment and choice looking for people who are able in their regions of specialisation. As they do as such, managers think about how the newcomers will serve their association and acknowledge superior levels. Note that getting the best esteem out of a worker's capacities begins at their first experience with the potential executive. In a perfect world, at this beginning stage the business must set them up for achievement. Keeping in mind the end goal to do as such, businesses must put into thought various parts of human asset administration, which, in the long run serve as the destinations of the introduction and actuation process (Bahn and Barratt-Pugh, 2012). Introduction and incitement goes for reducing so as to improve solace in new representatives tensions or uncertain negative feelings. It is also said that instigation projects need to consider the sentiments experienced by representatives amid their introductory days in the new working environment. Without a doubt, workers frequently display inclinations of trepidation and hesitance to draw in completely in their obligations amid their first days because of different issues. Case in point, it is likely that another worker will be ignorant of where a specific division is or inside of the association (Cipd.co.uk, 2015). According to Wanous and Reichers 54% of the induction programs are presented in first month of the new employment occurrence. It is also suggested that the induction programs even have phased proper implementation, rather than traditional one-off loom towards implementation of the programs. Idyllically, such programs in reality take place just after first day of the work and just before end of first week, along with activities that are spread over some 2 to 3 hours every morning. The actual length of the real induction program must vary amid 1 and 2 weeks. (Wanous and Reichers, 2000). As per Snell, a good induction must contain elements about organisations and the entire firms Information Technology. All this would typically involve allotment of the computer hardware as well as software with fundamental guidelines for all acceptable use of resources (Dessler, 2000). Two forms of data and information are needed in the proper induction program: initially, common data regarding employees routine of work and then, a full review of firms history as well as mission plus way new staffs would be actually expected to properly contribute to latter. This also is supported by the researcher named Snell Wanous who see covering of the health as well as safety processes, in a short history of new firm, a proper tour of building as well as introduction to the co-workers. Area To Be Investigated Is all about differentiating the preparing needs guarantee that the preparation has particular quantifiable and reasonable targets. The firm must have the capacity to distinguish and characterise the preparation needs of both the association and its kin. This exists between the association, the office and the person. Once the association has characterised its business objectives and procedures the firm can then focus the asset needs. Every bureau of the association ought to distinguish its destinations and needs, including the kind of occupations and what number of workers it requires. It will likewise need to figure out what scope of abilities will be important to meet the objectives of the association (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2007). The investigation of the old induction process should be changed and after that go past an evaluation of current execution. The key areas to highlight within the report are mentioned below: Are individuals content with the old induction procedure? Do the new staffs like the pilot usage of new process? How ought to the preparation project be adjusted to achieve better points and destinations? How would we be able to guarantee that new staffs comprehend the preparation and its targets? How will we deal with the exchange of the new learning once more into the work environment? Key Stakeholders And Their Interest In This Study Stakeholders are defined as a person or group owning a percentage of a companys shares as well as affected by or having an interest in the company operations. In the impelling scheme there will be two noteworthy stakeholders that will be the employers or the management and the new staffs. Administration's part is necessary in an organisation like Twin Group where there are more than 50 regular representatives working among the fundamental season. Chiefs have a key part in the introduction. The supervisor sets tone for the relationship for new representatives and regularly is the hugest individual first and foremost of the worker's profession. It's fundamental that directors arrange the representative's first day well, verifying that key exercises are incorporated in the project for the first day. Supervisors have numerous key parts in the actuation of which some are the most well-known.(Gravells, 2013). Managers should deliver instructions for the new employees. Sometimes managers need to safeguard induction program completion for new employees. - Managers can offer orientation to the job. Managers should set performance goals to the new employee. Managers must provide support in all aspects of the induction program if necessary (Denk, 2010). Interest Grid for stakeholders prioritisation Source: www.mindtools.com Methods- New staffs will be used Primary research for collecting first hand and fresh data plus information Secondary research for collecting second hand data and information that ahs already been captured earlier by some scholars and researchers. Potential limitations- The method might not be accepted by the stakeholders Stakeholders might not clearly understand the primary data collected and also they might feel these information hectic and complex As they are not directly involved in the research they might not be too much interested in the study Suitability in meeting stakeholder needs - New staffs are necessary for the induction process as they are the ones that convey energy to figure out how to the procedure. Primary assignment for new representative is to willingly take an interest in all parts of the affectation procedure engrossing however much data as could reasonably be expected. New representatives additionally specifically influence the way of life of the organisation with their own particular identity and crisp point of view. Senior workers are extraordinary help for the chiefs in enlisting procedure as they specifically convey the organisation culture and qualities to the new representatives (Kurtts, 2011). Meeting stakeholders need Methods Of Obtaining Information And Research Project The entire study will give a full detail of the previously existing induction procedure and strategy at the Twin Group. The company operates in the market where all the induction procedures are actually geared specifically towards properly training and making the staffs aware of all the carry outs of the firm and also making them feel at home within the organisation. The Induction program in the firm not just benefits the firm; rather they even offer vital advantages to staffs. Induction in this firm also reinforces some novel employees decision towards joining the company and even fosters a sense of the belongingness (Daskalaki, 2011). A properly-organised and maintained induction program would aid the employees to deal with all types of anxieties through providing them along with some coping strategies such as goal setting plus planning at the time of most stressful time in the firm. Through reducing the level of insecurity and anxiety, the induction programs at Twin Group is capab le to help the staffs settle down faster as well as enables them to feel additionally at home while in the firm. Such positive emotions might also lead towards improved phases of satisfaction in the new staffs that in turn translates into extra productive workers that feel part and parcel of the firm. The study will fundamentally be held in light of both Primary examination techniques and observational exploration routines. Also questionnaire and observation method will be used as part of various diverse ways, however two emerge. To begin with, it will be utilised to indicate a general way to deal with the investigation of reality that recommends that just learning increased through experience and the faculties is satisfactory. As it were, this position will imply that thoughts must be subjected to the rigors of testing before they can be considered information. The second significance of the term will be identified with this and will allude to a conviction that gathering of "certainties" is honest to goodness objective in its own particular right. Primary research will be needed to lead through organised meeting from the premise of the auxiliary examination writing audit investigation on information accessible from the records in association (Dessler, 2000). "A vital stage in the gathering of information will be choice of units to which the information will identify with. Information will be gathered through meetings and examiners as well as through surveys and observations. All workers including top level and main concern and HRM will be chosen to this procedure. Meetings will also be held to attain staffs responses on the past practiced induction program and also their view on pilot program that was launched. Organised Questionnaires will be given to the related topic (Jha, 2008). Secondary sources like CIPD website, Google search engine, HRM Textbooks, Journal articles, websites such as www.xperthr.co.uk, www.brokes.ac.uk, www.twinuk.com, Twin Group Recruitment Induction Policies and Procedures will be used as main source for gathering data in the research that will be conducted. Details of current changes within induction process will also be taken from the present articles in the current newspaper and also from journals published. Key Sources Of Secondary Research And Their Contribution To This Research Secondary research in reality is the data and information which is previously published from some other sources. The main sources of the secondary research which would be utilised in this study and their real contribution are mentioned below: Sources of Secondary Data How will it contribute to my proposed research project / Evaluation of the suitability of this source Advantages / key strengths Disadvantages / key limitations CIPD website CIPD podcast 89-Rethinking Staff Induction, Date: 02/04/2014 CIPD Website Provides current as well as historical data in the form of factsheet, general and statistical data that relate to induction process in firms. This will be helpful to attain the available secondary data and then will help in proper and effective analysis of the same Their 2014 Podcast 89 describes the importance of getting the induction process right. It outlines how to do induction differently and sets out findings from companies from a range of sectors who have recently revolutionised their induction processes. (Cipd Podcast 89, 2014) CIPD website contains a wide range of HR related information and real-life case studies. Quick and easy online access to valuable information. Possibility to sign up and receive regular newsletters and bulletins Great source of historical and current subject related data. Blogs run by CIPD qualified professionals. Good sources of recommended / further reading CIPD membership fees must be paid in order to access their services Online access to HR information- so members/users must be computer literate and have internet access. Some information may not be up-to date Other Websites: www.Xperthr.co.uk Employee Induction 2010, date: 17/09/2010 and Induction Survey 2010: delivery and evaluation, date: 01/11/2010 evaluate the effectiveness of induction arrangements? Reed Business Information Limited trading as XpertHR is an Appointed Representative of ITC Compliance Ltd which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. They provide information on how other companies deliver induction and evaluate its effectiveness. It is a great source of information related to wide range of HR issues such as employee relations, employment legislations, general HRM. It provides historical and current statistical data, HR trends, case studies, document templates, surveys, benchmarking indicators. It also presents survey analysis Free 7 days website trial Official statistics are usually a reliable source of information The data attained might be somewhat older and out dated one. Access to XpertHR website requires login/membership/ subscription Other Websites: Oxford Brookes University www.brookes.ac.uk and Twin Group www.twinuk.com University websites are always good to refer to as they provide access to academic resources, online library, e-newsletters and magazines, student and teachers forums, research forum, Company websites provide details about their strategies, including clear mission, values, vision and strategic goals. All this is extremely important from the HRM perspective as it attracts the right staff and has impact on employee retention Websites include valuable past and current data in form of factsheets, common information as well as statistical data regarding the induction program that has been in past followed within the firm. Great source of new recruits Provide expert and professional advice across Industries and business sectors Provide Business coaching and Mentoring opportunities, Consultancy and Training Networking opportunities Some of the information on website may not be current and up-to date Twin Group Recruitment Induction Policies and Procedures Version 2015/01 The main aim of the Recruitment Induction policy and Twins induction is to ensure an effective integration of staff into or across the company, for the benefit of both parties. Data collected from applicants about ethnicity, gender, age, disability, sex orientation etc can be used to analyse the recruitment and selection decisions. This will allow to identify areas for recruitment and induction improvements, The policy provides an overview to the research proposal topic. It outlines the importance of the Recruitment Induction issue. It provides practical advice, reinforce companys values and develop respect, professionalism and teamwork among members of staff Belong and published within organisation for their own use. Not always easy to find/access. Failure to comply with this policy will result in disciplinary action being taken against the employee Although The Recruitment Induction policy is a guide, there may be other practices and procedures taking places The information and data could be outdated, therefore the Policy needs to be regularly reviewed HRM Textbooks: 1.Process of Inference Learning Discovery, (Bradford Books), by John H. Holland, Keith J. Holyoak, Richard E. Nisbett, Paul R. Thagard, data:02/03/1989 2.Induction Training- Effective Steps for Investing in People (Kogan Page),by Michael Meigham, data:1/09/2000 These books will provide a proper insight into the other writers, that are the leading experts, thoughts as well as feelings upon the study topic It is a great book written to help people involved with the induction of new employees. It helps determine the induction training needs not only of the employee but also the organisation. It presents different approaches that can be applied in various situations and contain examples of good practice Textbooks are more detailed and thus attainment of better and detailed information will be possible Provide detailed overview of the Induction topic. Help understand the problem relating to the research proposal. Textbooks can be old or carry old data and information Books may be costly to buy Authors may be biased in their opinions Journal Articles related to Induction programs and its needs and requirements in firms. Journals include up-to date information on specific topics They discuss best practices of undertaking proper induction, trends and pros cons of induction procedures. Recommend and Provide good sources for further reading Good quality information, checked and verified Short, easy and interesting to read Include less detailed information that textbooks Key Methods Of Collecting Primary Data Primary research-produces data that are only obtainable from the original source . Primary data are first hand data obtained by the researcher, for a specific research project.(CIPD, 2015) The below primary research methods will be used in order to gather the necessary data and information: Primary research method How will it contribute to my proposed research project? Strengths (Including currency, authenticity, reliability and validity) Disadvantages Including currency, authenticity, reliability and validity) Interviews Interview methods are often used and described as talking questionnaires as they have the same objective (Cipd, 2015) Reliability and validity- only relevant and appropriate questions will be asked and will be piloted in advance. Validity of interviews is higher when interviewers use situational and job-related questions. Interviews are designed to capture data. Interviewers take detailed notes Currency assured as the interview are planned to take place in the next 3-6 months Authenticity is assured as the interviewer will check the status of the respondents as part of the planned target group Reliability can be affected as different interviewers may give different ratings when interviewing the same person. Interview results and rating may be influenced by luck of answer/response from the interviewee. Lack of anonymity Discussion with the stakeholders This will supply a proper first handed data and will consider fact how the stakeholders fell regarding the current induction policy and also its affect on the stakeholders as entity and also as the firm on a whole. Full detail can be attained about the people interested in the topic and those who have complained about the existing or past induction process in the firm. Currency-provides up-to date, first hand information and data Accuracy-Discussion relates to a specific research topic. Authenticity is assured as it allows to trace origin of data Cost effectiveness Facial expression could be observed and thus no biasness is possible People can feel hesitated to take part in meetings and discussions Reliability-information will likely be biased. Reliability can be affected if people chose to hide information in order to achieve desired outcome Insufficient number of people taking part in discussion Surveys/ Survey Monkeys/ Multiple choice surveys/ Likert scale/ Questionnaires/ Surveys will be undertaken and questionnaires will be used to gather information all these will be completed by the stakeholders using techniques and tools such as survey monkeys. This permits participants too much greater level of the anonymity. They will give all new and fresh data Large quantity of data will be gathered from very vast number of people in a short period of time and in very cost effective way The outcomes of questionnaires will be quickly as well as easily quantified Straight questions will be asked that will lead towards accuracy as well as reliability Multiple choice surveys allow getting statistical data and information from stakeholders We can rely on this data as they will be first hand information and will not tend to be outdated ones. Their validity will be assured as the data will be accurate and unbiased. People might not feel comfortable and might lack time to fill the questionnaire. Lack of cooperation from employees would make the data difficult to obtain Few questions can be too long and winded plus the respondents might misunderstand them The data obtained from standard questionnaires might not be instantly available for practical use because analysis takes a lot of time Observations Unlike questionnaires or interviews, the observational method does not put questions to respondents. It collects data about behaviour (Cipd, 2015) Researcher observes and records behaviour that is relevant to his research project. Instant access to information gathered through observation Requires time and resources Size of sample can influence the end results Main difference among primary and secondary sources could actually be ambiguous. Any individual document might be the primary source within one context plus any secondary source within some another. Also time is a major defining element within this context (International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory Practice, 212). Strengths And Weaknesses Of A Research Study STRENGTH WEAKNESS Quantitative study Since information is in the numeric form, one could also apply the factual tests in anyhow making explanations about information. Factual investigation gives us a chance to get essential actualities from examination information. Quantitative studies' incredible quality is giving information that is clear Self-reported data obtained from polls may be mistaken or inadequate. The organisation of an organised survey makes an unnatural circumstance that may distance respond. Qualitative study Qualitative data incorporates data about client practices, needs, fancies, schedules, utilisation cases, and an assortment of other data that is vital in planning an item that will really fit into a client's life. One can't without much of a stretch diminish these depictions to numbers Patterns can't be accepted by computing a p-quality or an impact size as one could approve quantitative information Source: (Kumar, 2005), (Lavrakas, 2008), (Villani, 2006) Presenting Findings To Stakeholders A proper discussion forum including key stakeholders like managers, and sample staffs groups for discussing the real findings might be needed. The main aims and objective of focus group will be to properly discuss result, reliability as well as validity of project. While presenting data to the stakeholders, following methods will be used: Diagrammatic Formats Like Graphs And Tables, Bar Graphs And Charts These provide quantitative research that will be helpful as information is in the numeric form, one could also apply the factual tests in anyhow making explanations about information. Factual investigation gives us a chance to get essential actualities from examination information. Quantitative studies' incredible quality is giving information that is clear (Raedt Flach, 2001) Graphs plus pie charts are effective tools for presenting data and information as well as communicating main points as well as trends. They are exceptionally compelling in keeping stakeholders enthusiasm for the subject. Presenting the outcomes in diagrammatic formats will help making it easier for the stakeholders to peruse and understand (Gov.uk, 2015). They are however more suited to those individuals who are more concerned with numbers rather than factors that have influenced the changes. All this will be used to provide a graphical presentation like the ones depicted below. Pie Chart sample Source: www.gov.scot Bar Chart sample Source: Employee census Narrative formats e.g. Written reports, emails Narrative formats provide qualitative research, and are used to present data gathered through qualitative methods. They are more suited to individuals who are interested in context and background of the study rather than numbers. Written reports will have specific sections that will provide proper clear statement for problem that is posed by this study, like reasons why problem is of real interest as well as discussion that reinforces to reader the entire value as well as implications of work. Newsletters and bulletins are a great way to stay in touch with stakeholders and provide them with detailed and sufficient information regarding strategic development in regards to changes needed in the induction process (Samosamo, 2014) Emails- are also very effective plus instant way towards disseminating the information particularly internally when staffs are to be indulged in the process. Justification Of Choice And Application Of Primary And Secondary Sources Of Data Collection The main purpose of this study will be to find out whether existing induction process actually is effective and in place or not. It will definitely help in process of gathering information from employees and also from management department; a full questionnaire of about 9 questions will be formed, that would take approximately 10 minutes to respond and this will make the process easier and less time consuming and people will like to respond to the questions as well. As the questionnaire will be made for business it will be kept very crisp as well as the questions asked will be straight forward and to the main point which will be also less complex and will consume a little time. Careful and proper consideration will also be given to number of the questions included because people generally do not like to deal with heavy questionnaires containing large number of questions. Questions will be analysed on the Likert scale; and this will help us in knowing and understanding the feedback of the respondent in very clear manner. A whole study which will be suitable in the length will be less probable to anyhow result in the "completion of fatigue". The respondents will be more probable to skip questions if anyhow they find that number of the questions is high. Thus keeping the time of Survey-completion time to just 20 minutes, will help us to manage time and this saved time can be used in the analysis of the answers. (Wildeboer, 2004). Primary research method chosen for the study will be suitable for the research as it will bring in all forms of fresh and first hand data to the researcher. Primary research will be needed to lead through organised meeting from the premise of the auxiliary examination writing audit investigation on information accessible from the records in association and this will definitely help the researcher to observe body language and facial expressions of the respondednt and will definitely help in avoiding biasness and fake answers. Organized Qu estionnaires will be distributed to the selected samples and this questionnaire will help the researcher to attain all new answers and different responses from different respondents which will also avoid lapse of data and also duplication of the same. Persuading The Findings BENEFITS TO EMPLOYER BENEFITS TO STAFFS Management and controlling the early turnover is a vast challenge that plagues most of the managers in these organisations. If this continues in future, the organisations would experience a great scarcity of proper workforce because of enhanced rates of the employee turnover. Thus the change in induction process is a necessity now as orientation stages if dealt with proper care can diminish the risk of any such early turnover that is being seen in the company. Indeed, this research will also show that employees who are engaged in thorough induction at the beginning, are less probable to get terminated by current managers. Thus induction will help managers to foster retention in many ways (Ons.gov.uk, 2015). Induction also reduces the time spent on start up costs and saves time. Research will also indicate that a properly planned and implanted induction as well as change in the old induction programs will accrue major advantages for the staffs and the new joiners as well. As new staffs will be acquainted with new roles, they will be capable of attaining confidence within their novel job. Increased familiarisation will permit staffs towards high productivity as well as spiky individual performance, because staffs will then be able to work comfortably and in a very relaxed ecology. Such comfort will also reflect a total lack of anxiety and fear and will heighten the positive attitudes for work, colleagues, as well as managers (Twinuk.com, 2015). Conclusion: This study will be skilled to get quantitative and additionally subjective aspects of the examination for accomplishing legitimate information in addition to understanding on whether there is a need to change the actuation process when the association is experiencing move or not. This will help in accomplishing the fancied arrangement that the representatives might want to propose. The present prompting procedure does not command giving any data about the association's history. There is a casual desire that the reporting supervisor ought to take the new worker through the organisation history and qualities, vision and objectives. There is not documentation on what has been secured with the new representative. References: Acas.org.uk, (2015). Home | Acas. [online] Available at: https://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1461 [Accessed 30 Jul. 2015]. Bahn, S. and Barratt-Pugh, L. (2012). Evaluation of the mandatory construction induction training program in Western Australia: Unanticipated consequences. Evaluation and Program Planning, 35(3), pp.337-343. Cipd.co.uk, (2015). Championing better work and working lives CIPD. [online] Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2015]. Cipd.co.uk, (2015).Collecting Primary Data. [online] Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E4D6775E-07B6-4BCF-A912 C3DE563C3F74/0/1843980649SC.pdf/ [Accessed 6 Sep. 2015]. Cipd.co.uk, (2014).CIPD Podcast 89- Rethinking Staff Induction. [online] Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/podcasts/89-rethinking-staff-inductions.aspx [Accessed 6 Sep. 2015]. Creswell, J. and Plano Clark, V. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Daskalaki, M. (2011). Recontextualising New Employee Induction: Organizational Entry as a Change Space. The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 48(1), pp.93-114. Denk, T. (2010). Comparative multilevel analysis: proposal for a methodology. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(1), pp.29-39. Dessler, G. (2000). Human Resource Management. NJ: Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River. Gov.scot, (2015). Publication: Scottish Government Employee Survey 2007. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.scot/Publications/2008/02/19114652/1 [Accessed 10 Aug. 2015]. Gov.uk, (2015). UK Commission for Employment and Skills - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-commission-for-employment-and-skills [Accessed 3 Aug. 2015]. Gravells, A. (2013). The award in education and training. Los Angeles,: California: SAGE. Holland, J.H.(1989).Induction: Process of Inference Learning and Discovery. Bradford Books Publication Hse.gov.uk, (2015). HSE: Information about health and safety at work. [online] Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/ [Accessed 3 Aug. 2015]. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory Practice. (2012). International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 15(6), p.ebi-ebi. Jha, N. (2008). Research methodology. Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications. Kumar, R. (2005). Research methodology. London: SAGE. Kurtts, S. (2011). Successful induction for new teachers: a guide for NQTs induction tutors, coordinators, and mentors. Teacher Development, 15(1), pp.123-124. Lavrakas, P. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Meighan, M.(2000). Induction Training-Effective Steps for Investing in People. London: Kogan Page Publication Mindtools.com, (2015). Mindtools: Stakeholder Analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_07.htm#Interactive [Accessed 13 Aug. 2015]. Ons.gov.uk, (2015). Office for National Statistics (ONS) - ONS. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Raedt,, L. and Flach,, P. (2001). Machine learning. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Samosamo, M. (2014). Employee Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Health and Safety Induction at ArcelorMittal, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa. MJSS. Twinuk.com, (2015). Twin Group - Education, Training and Career Development. [online] Available at: https://www.twinuk.com/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Twin Group, 2015. Recruitment Induction Policies Procedures. London, Twin Group, Originator: HR , Department: Assurance, Version: 2015/01 Villani, S. (2006). Mentoring and induction programs that support new principals. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press. Wanous, J. and Reichers, A. (2000). New Employee Orientation Programs. Human Resource Management Review, 10(4), pp.435-451. Wildeboer, B. (2004). Staff induction and retention. Practical Pre-School, 2004(43), pp.13-14. Xperthr.co.uk, (2015).Employee Induction 2010. [online] Available at: https://www.xperthr.co.uk/hr-benchmarking/survey/453/.aspx [Accessed 6 Sep. 2015]. Xperthr.co.uk, (2015). XpertHR Induction Survey 2010: delivery and evaluation. [online] Available at: https://www.xperthr.co.uk/survey-analysis/xperthr-induction-survey-2010-delivery-and-evaluation/105644/ [Accessed 6 Sep. 2015].

Mary Rowlandson’s Jeremiad Essay Example

Mary Rowlandson’s Jeremiad Essay Prophet Jeremiah from the Old Testament is the most convenient reminder of the meaning of a jeremiad.   A jeremiad is a literary sermon, literally following the prophecy of Jeremiah.   This prophet of God claimed that the society which falls into evil habits and customs would eventually be destroyed.   The prophet was referring to his own society, of course, pointing out its evil habits and customs and warning the people about the effects of the evil, that is, due punishment. Mary Rowlandson wrote a jeremiad called the Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.   In this literary sermon, the lady did not only quote plenty of scriptures, but also used the basic formulae of the jeremiad by pointing out the ills of society and referring to the punishment that falls upon people that do not strictly obey the word of God.   However, Rowlandson does not always openly exhibit through her writing all the ills of society with reference to her people.   Rather, she uses herself much of the time as an example to display that God’s wrath falls upon those who do not strictly obey Him.   By so doing, the lady makes her own life a warning for others who too might fall into the devil’s trap the way she did.   Rowlandson writes: We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Rowlandson’s Jeremiad specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Rowlandson’s Jeremiad specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Rowlandson’s Jeremiad specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The next day was the Sabbath.   I then remembered how careless I had been of Gods holy time; how many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent, and how evilly I had walked in Gods sight; which lay so close unto my spirit, that it was easy for me to see how righteous it was with God to cut off the thread of my life and cast me out of His presence forever. The lady also refers to tobacco use as an evil that both she and her people have indulged in.   Referring to tobacco use as a â€Å"bait the devil lays to make men lose their precious time,† she also writes, â€Å"surely there are many who may be better employed than to lie sucking a stinking tobacco-pipe.† Unlike Jeremiah, the lady is writing about her people indirectly in her jeremiad.   She does not talk with God’s authority on earth as Jeremiah did.   Moreover, the lady uses her own punishments from God as a foremost example to teach people about the effects of evildoing.   While Jeremiah did not do so, Rowlandson’s narrative follows the formulas of jeremiads anyway by providing a chilling account of Indian captivity.   The lady writes about her child dying a slow and painful death in her arms; a pregnant woman being tortured and killed; and â€Å"bodies wounded and bleeding, and our hearts no less than our bodies.† Once again, unlike Jeremiah, Rowlandson is being punished along with her society.   According to her account, she had started to believe in worldliness before God judged her wrong.   Hence, Rowlandson’s narrative becomes both, a confession as well as a literary sermon meeting the formulae of jeremiads.   Still, the lady expresses the fact that even the favorite people of God are chastened by Him.   She refers to David in her account: â€Å"They told me I lied, and taking up a hatchet, they came to me, and said they would knock me down if I stirred out again, and so confined me to the wigwam.   Now may I say with David, ‘I am in a great strait’ (2 Samuel 24.14).† Following this confession/jeremiad, Mrs. Mary Rowlandson’s becomes innocent again in the eyes of the Lord.

Free Essays on Hydrologic

The hydrologic cycle is a rotation of water exchange between the land, the ocean, and the atmosphere on earth. It is an amazing fact that water circulates without any loss of water.  ¡Ã‚ °Hydrologic cycle includes evaporation form the sea, movement of water vapor over the land, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, subsurface runoff, and so on ¡Ã‚ ±. (p.189) Because it is a complex and long process, humans did not recognize what was exactly going on until recent times. Talking about how humans developed the idea of the hydrologic cycle, we begin with the ideas of people from the sixteenth century. They believed that water discharged by springs and streams could not be derived form the rain, for two reasons. The first reason was that rainfall was treated as inadequate in quantity. The other reason was that they believed the earth was too impervious to permit penetration of water very far below the surface. (p.190) However, people from even earlier ages, the ancients, knew that the ocean never overflowed. So they figured that was why the rivers flowed to the oceans. One thing the ancients wondered about was how the water got into the rivers from the seas, and how it lost its salt content. The evidence suggests that the ancients ¡Ã‚ ¯ ideas came from the Bible. In Ecclesiastes 1:7, it says,  ¡Ã‚ ®all the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come thither they return again. ¡Ã‚ ¯  ¡Ã‚ °Once again the recognition of the role of infiltration in supplying water to springs and rivers began in the sixteenth century ¡Ã‚ ±. (p.190) Leonardo da Vinci is credited with one of the earliest accurate descriptions of the hydrologic cycle. He was a brilliant scientist, and he was in charge of canals in the Milan area at the time. Probably his occupation of being in charge of canals helped him developing his theory about the hydrologic cycle. Whence we may conclude that the water goes form... Free Essays on Hydrologic Free Essays on Hydrologic The hydrologic cycle is a rotation of water exchange between the land, the ocean, and the atmosphere on earth. It is an amazing fact that water circulates without any loss of water.  ¡Ã‚ °Hydrologic cycle includes evaporation form the sea, movement of water vapor over the land, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, subsurface runoff, and so on ¡Ã‚ ±. (p.189) Because it is a complex and long process, humans did not recognize what was exactly going on until recent times. Talking about how humans developed the idea of the hydrologic cycle, we begin with the ideas of people from the sixteenth century. They believed that water discharged by springs and streams could not be derived form the rain, for two reasons. The first reason was that rainfall was treated as inadequate in quantity. The other reason was that they believed the earth was too impervious to permit penetration of water very far below the surface. (p.190) However, people from even earlier ages, the ancients, knew that the ocean never overflowed. So they figured that was why the rivers flowed to the oceans. One thing the ancients wondered about was how the water got into the rivers from the seas, and how it lost its salt content. The evidence suggests that the ancients ¡Ã‚ ¯ ideas came from the Bible. In Ecclesiastes 1:7, it says,  ¡Ã‚ ®all the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come thither they return again. ¡Ã‚ ¯  ¡Ã‚ °Once again the recognition of the role of infiltration in supplying water to springs and rivers began in the sixteenth century ¡Ã‚ ±. (p.190) Leonardo da Vinci is credited with one of the earliest accurate descriptions of the hydrologic cycle. He was a brilliant scientist, and he was in charge of canals in the Milan area at the time. Probably his occupation of being in charge of canals helped him developing his theory about the hydrologic cycle. Whence we may conclude that the water goes form...

Easiest Colleges to Get Into

Easiest Colleges to Get Into SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying to colleges is stressful, and you often don't know whether you've gotten in until well after you've submitted your application.It's therefore useful to have safety schools as a backup. These are colleges that you're almost certain you'll get into if you apply. We've compiled a thorough guide of the easiest colleges to get into in the United States. Find out which schools have the highest admissions rates, which schools give you guaranteed admissions if you meet absolute requirements, and which schools have the lowest average SAT/ACT scores. What an "easy college to get into" usually depends on your specific circumstances and application. If you scored a perfect 2400 on the SAT or 36 on the ACT, most colleges will be easy to get into. For below average students, schools that have high admission rates and low requirements will be easy colleges to get into. Whatever your personal situation, having "safety schools" is critical to your college application strategy. You don't want to end up with zero admissions offers in your senior spring, so it's important to have a few schools that you're almost certain will accept you if you apply. Thus, we've compiled three collections of schools that are easy to get into in their own way. First, we'll discuss schools in the US with the highest admission rates, which means nearly all the people who apply to them get admitted. Next, we'll find schools withguaranteed admissions - if you meet their requirements, they will guarantee you a spot, no matter what. Finally, we'll discuss schools with thelowest average SAT/ACT scores - if you're performing a bit below average, these schools are a good bet for you. Colleges with the Highest Admissions Rates (Top 100) The hardest schools to get into have admissions rates below 10% - Harvard, for example, has an admissions rate of 5.9%. Out of 1000 students who apply, only 59 get in. In contrast, the easist colleges to get into have nearly 100% admissions rates - if you apply, you can almost certainly get in. Unlike community colleges (which also have 100% admissions rates), the below schools are usually affiliated with state university systems. Here's a list of the 100 colleges with the highest admissions rates: School City State Admissions Rate Bismarck State College Bismarck ND 100% City University of Seattle Seattle WA 100% CUNY - College of Staten Island Staten Island NY 100% CUNY - Medgar Evers College Brooklyn NY 100% Daytona State College Daytona Beach FL 100% Dixie State College of Utah Saint George UT 100% Granite State College Concord NH 100% Indian River State College Fort Pierce FL 100% Jarvis Christian College Hawkins TX 100% Metropolitan State University St. Paul MN 100% Missouri Western State University St. Joseph MO 100% New Mexico Highlands University Las Vegas NM 100% Oklahoma State University - Oklahoma City Oklahoma City OK 100% University of Maryland - University College Adelphi MD 100% University of Pikeville Pikeville KY 100% University of the Potomac Washington DC 100% Utah Valley University Orem UT 100% Wayne State College Wayne NE 100% Weber State University Ogden UT 100% Western International University Tempe AZ 100% Cameron University Lawton OK 99.80% Lewis-Clark State College Lewiston ID 99.80% University of Texas - El Paso El Paso TX 99.80% Brigham Young University - Idaho Rexburg ID 99.60% Wilmington University New Castle DE 99.50% Lyndon State College Lyndonville VT 99.30% Montana State University - Billings Billings MT 99.30% Kendall College Chicago IL 99.20% Virginia Intermont College Bristol VA 99% Ottawa University Ottawa KS 98.90% Wayland Baptist University Plainview TX 98.60% Utah State University Logan UT 98.50% Pfeiffer University Misenheimer NC 98.30% Washburn University Topeka KS 98.20% East Central University Ada OK 98.10% Midland University Fremont NE 98% Walden University Minneapolis MN 98.00% Colorado Christian University Lakewood CO 97.60% Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College St. Mary-of-the-Woods IN 97.50% Huntington University Huntington IN 97.30% Missouri Southern State University Joplin MO 97.30% Evergreen State College Olympia WA 97.10% Ohio Christian University Circleville OH 97.10% Benedictine College Atchison KS 97% University of Sioux Falls Sioux Falls SD 97% University of St. Francis Fort Wayne IN 96.80% Indiana Wesleyan University Marion IN 96.70% Nyack College Nyack NY 96.70% University of Akron Akron OH 96.50% Wright State University Dayton OH 96.30% Martin Luther College New Ulm MN 96.20% Kansas State University Manhattan KS 95.90% Wichita State University Wichita KS 95.80% University of Montana Missoula MT 95.70% Hodges University Naples FL 95.60% University of Wyoming Laramie WY 95.50% Victory University Memphis TN 95.50% Colorado State University - Pueblo Pueblo CO 95.40% University of Maine - Augusta Augusta ME 95.40% Carlow University Pittsburgh PA 95.20% University of Houston - Downtown Houston TX 95.10% Bethel University St. Paul MN 94.90% Lubbock Christian University Lubbock TX 94.90% Bellarmine University Louisville KY 94.80% Berkeley College Woodland Park NJ 94.70% Concordia University Texas Austin TX 94.60% Wiley College Marshall TX 94.40% Shepherd University Shepherdstown WV 94.30% Berkeley College New York NY 94.20% Neumann University Aston PA 94% Trinity International University Deerfield IL 93.90% Marygrove College Detroit MI 93.80% Walla Walla University College Place WA 93.80% Southern Wesleyan University Central SC 93.70% Clarion University of Pennsylvania Clarion PA 93.50% Judson University Elgin IL 93.40% St. John's College Santa Fe NM 93.40% Northern State University Aberdeen SD 93.30% Tennessee Technological University Cookeville TN 93.20% University of the Incarnate Word San Antonio TX 93.10% Virginia Wesleyan College Norfolk VA 92.90% Franklin Pierce University Rindge NH 92.70% Mary Baldwin College Staunton VA 92.50% Southern Oregon University Ashland OR 92.50% Grand View University Des Moines IA 92.30% Mansfield University of Pennsylvania Mansfield PA 92.30% Regis University Denver CO 92.30% Western Kentucky University Bowling Green KY 92.30% Western State Colorado University Gunnison CO 92.30% Bard College at Simon's Rock Great Barrington MA 92.20% Linfield College McMinnville OR 92.20% Iona College New Rochelle NY 92.10% University of Central Arkansas Conway AR 92.10% Freed-Hardeman University Henderson TN 92% South Carolina State University Orangeburg SC 92% South Dakota State University Brookings SD 91.90% Davenport University Grand Rapids MI 91.70% Lee University Cleveland TN 91.70% Loyola University Chicago Chicago IL 91.40% Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 91.40% These are definitely some of the easiest schools to get into. Applying to any of these schools will give you a great shot at getting in. For schools that have less than a 100% admissions rate, you should still create a target SAT score or target ACT score so you can figure out what minimum SAT/ACT score you need to get in. Colleges with Guaranteed Admissions Some colleges have policies that grant youautomatically grant you admission once you fulfill their academic criteria. The school will usually require a minimum GPA and/or a minimum SAT/ACT score. If you exceed these guidelines, you're in! What's the difference from the 100% colleges above?These schools are actually typically more selective for the overall population. For example, University of Texas at Austin has a 40.2% acceptance rate, but if you're a Texas resident and are in the top 10% of your class, you'll automatically be admitted. These schools are therefore more competitive (and usually have a better reputation) than the schools in the list above, so if you qualify, these are good bets for safety schools. Each school has different criteria, but we've done the hard work of gathering all the schools in one list for you - just click on the school to see their exact admissions policies. California State University Central Washington University Mississippi State University North Dakota State University Oklahoma State University South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Southern Illinois University Truman State University University of Arkansas University of Denver University of Iowa University of Kansas University of Las Vegas University of Mississippi University of Southern Mississippi University of St Francis University of Texas If you pick one, this might be the easiest college to get into for you. Colleges with the Lowest SAT/ACT Scores Aside from the schools listed already, some schools have very low SAT/ACT score averages. If you score above the average, you're very likely to be admitted. These represent some of the colleges that are easy to get into. Some of these schools have already appeared above, but here we show their 25th percentile and 75th percentile SAT scores (their ACT scores will be similar when you convert the SAT to the ACT). School 25th %ile 75th %ile Northern State University 790 20 Union College 880 40 Rust College 970 60 North Park University 935 68 University of Louisiana at Lafayette 940 90 University of South Dakota 890 1200 Livingstone College 950 1210 University of Louisiana Monroe 940 1220 Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science 1066 1233 Saint Pauls College 800 1260 University of Michigan Dearborn 968 1260 Paine College 1010 1280 Chowan University 1040 1290 Marietta College 940 1290 Lincoln Christian University 40 1291 Pine Manor College 990 1300 Edward Waters College 1050 1310 Kentucky State University 1016 1318 University of Missouri Kansas City 1000 1330 Virginia State University 1090 1335 School of the Art Institute of Chicago 900 1340 Fayetteville State University 40 1350 University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff 1018 1353 Elizabeth City State University 50 1360 Missouri Valley College 90 1360 Texas Southern University 00 1360 Grand View University 40 1370 Savannah State University 40 1370 North Carolina Central University 60 1380 What to Do Next Even if you're applying to the nation's easiest colleges to get into, you'll still need to take the SAT or ACT. Figure out what your SAT Target Score or ACT Target Score ought to be, for the schools you're applying to. Find out what the best SAT and ACT test dates are and how to organize your testing schedule. Aiming high? Find out what it takes to get a perfect SAT score. Even if you feel your chances at college are low right now, we still heavily encourage you to try to improve your SAT or ACT score.Increasing your SAT score by 120 points or your ACT score by 3 points will completely change the quality of school that you can get into. This can have a huge impact on your salary after graduation. At PrepScholar, we've built the leading online SAT/ACT prep program. It's special because it customizes your prep program to you - you'll improve the most by spending the least time studying. Best of all, we offer a score improvement guarantee - if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points, we give all your money back. Sign up for our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Allen Cheng About the Author As co-founder and head of product design at PrepScholar, Allen has guided thousands of students to success in SAT/ACT prep and college admissions. He's committed to providing the highest quality resources to help you succeed. Allen graduated from Harvard University summa cum laude and earned two perfect scores on the SAT (1600 in 2004, and 2400 in 2014) and a perfect score on the ACT. You can also find Allen on his personal website, Shortform, or the Shortform blog. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-subscribe-thank-you', css: '.post-bottom .hs-form.stacked label {display:none;} .post-bottom .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; padding-left: 300px;} .post-bottom .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-bottom .btn-primary, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; padding-left:350px} .post-bottom .hs-form-field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(".exclusive-tip-form #hubspot-container2 label").hide(); }); function replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(""); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(".posts-by-topic h3"), "h2"); }) Ask a Question BelowHave any questions about this article or other topics? 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In class essay2 (1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In class essay2 (1) - Essay Example Therefore, if the bone of contention is cost of installation, then concern should be addressed through government subsidy whereby the government should be made to understand that in the event that it subsidize cables, then it is easy for power companies to consider laying power cables underground. This will limit exposure to adverse weather elements that cause interruptions. This way, the government will be helping in making sure that its citizens have access to uninterrupted power supply and probably say bye to blackouts associated with adverse weather conditions (Fecht 1). Assuming that the government does consider subsidy, or even if it does not consider subsidy, whose responsibility should it be to see that the underground cables are laid? In other words should the government, or residents pay for the cost of installing underground power line? As much as this question may be subjected to various opinions, it appears to me that all of them are stakeholders. The government, residents, and the power company should all contribute towards the cost of installing the underground power line. The government has a responsibility to its citizens. As such, should provide part of the funds for installation. The moment there is power blackout, a lot of government job goes undone, inevitably drawing the government in as a stakeholder in the whole scenario. Coupled with its responsibility to ensure that citizens receive all the essential services, the government should not play the second fiddle in the matter. Secondly, the power company should also contribute to t he cost of installation since eventually, all the installations remain their assets from which they earn profits. Lastly, the residents should also contribute something little so that they can have a voice in the whole process to facilitate speedy resolution and installation. However, the

Advertising and promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Advertising and promotion - Essay Example This "Advertising and promotion" essay outlines the changes that happened in these industries with the advent of the Internet and mass media development, changes in structures and etc. Marketing communication industry consists of client companies or the advertising party, the advertising agency and the media and other service or production agencies. The advertising agency plays the role of an intermediary, linking the advertisers with the media and other service providers. With the advent of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) approach, more and more companies choose to appoint an advertising agency and coordinate and direct all marketing communications through the agency (Kotler & Amstrong, 2000). Production houses, other support service providers & media houses liais with the agency, who is appointed to represent the needs of the advertising client. Marketing communication industry consists of client companies or the advertising party, the advertising agency and the media and other service or production agencies. The advertising agency plays the role of an intermediary, linking the advertisers with the media and other service providers. With the advent of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) approach, more and more companies choose to appoint an advertising agency and coordinate and direct all marketing communications through the agency (Kotler & Amstrong, 2000). Production houses, other support service providers & media houses liais with the agency, who is appointed to represent the needs of the advertising client.

Kant and Equality Essay Example for Free

Kant and Equality Essay Some readers of this essay will have become impatient by now; because they believe that the problem that perplexes me has been definitively solved by Immanuel Kant. It is certainly true that Kant held strong opinions on this matter. In an often-quoted passage, he reports a personal conversion from elitism: â€Å"I am myself a researcher by inclination. I feel the whole thirst for knowledge and the eager unrest to move further on into it, also satisfaction with each acquisition. There was a time when I thought this alone could constitute the honor of humanity and despised the know nothing rabble. Rousseau set me straight. This delusory superiority vanishes, I learn to honor men, and I would find myself more useless than a common laborer if I did not believe this observation could give everyone a value which restores the rights of humanity. †What Kant learned from Rousseau was the proposition that the basis of human equality is the dignity that each human person possesses in virtue of the capacity for autonomy (moral freedom). This moral freedom has two aspects, the capacity to set ends for oneself according to one’s conception of what is good, and the capacity to regulate one’s choice of ends and of actions to achieve one’s ends by one’s conception of what morality requires. According to Kant’s psychology, brute animals are determined to act as instinct inclines them, but a rational being has the power to interrogate the inclinations it feels, to raise the question what it is reasonable to do in given circumstances, and to choose to do what reason suggests even against all inclinations. The question arises whether Kant’s psychology is correct, or remotely close to correct. Perhaps something like the conflict between conscience and inclination is experienced by social animals other than humans. Perhaps the freedom that Kant imputes to human on metaphysical grounds can be shown to be either empirically nonexistent or illusory. For our purposes we can set these questions aside and simply presume that the human psychological complexity envisaged by Kant does describe capacity we possess, whether or not it is shared with other animals. My question is whether Kant’s characterization, if it was correct, would have the normative implication she draws from it. It might seem that the Kantian picture helps to show how moral freedom is arrange concept, which does not significantly admit of degrees. If one has the capacity to set an end for oneself, one does not possess this freedom to a lesser extent just because one cannot set fancy ends, or because other persons can set fancier ends. If one has the power to regulate choice of ends by one’s sense of what is morally right, one does not possess this freedom to a lesser extent because one cannot understand sophisticated moral considerations, or because other persons can understand more sophisticated moral considerations. Moreover, one might hold that it is having or lacking the freedom which is important, not having or lacking the capacity to exercise the freedom in fancy ways. But the old worries lurk just around the corner. The Kantian view is that there are indeed capacities that are crucial for the ascription of fundamental moral status that do not vary in degree. One either has the capacity or one does not, and that’s that. If the crucial capacities have this character, then the problem of how to draw a no arbitrary line on a continuum and hold all beings on one side of the line full persons and all beings on the other side of the line lesser beings does not arise. The line separating persons and nonpersons will be non arbitrary, and there will be no basis for further differentiation of moral status. One is either a person or not, and all persons are equal. Consider the capacity to set an end, to choose a goal and decide on an action to achieve it. One might suppose that all humans have this capacity except for the permanently comatose and the anencephalic. So all humans are entitled to a fundamental equal moral status. This view is strengthened by noting that there are other capacities that do admit of degrees that interact with the no degree capacities. Individuals who equally have the capacity to set an end may well differ in the quality of their end-setting performances. Some are able to set ends more reasonably than others. But these differences in performance do not gainsay the fundamental equal capacity. It is just that having a high or low level of associated capacities enables or impedes successful performance. So the fact that individuals differ in their abilities to do arithmetic and more complex mathematical operations that affect their ability to make rational choices should have no tendency to obscure the more basic and morally status-conferring equality in the capacity of each person to make choices. In response: First of all, if several of these no degree capacities were relevant to moral status, one must possess all to be at the top status, and some individuals possess more and others fewer of the relevant capacities, a problem of hierarchy, though perhaps a manageable one, would emerge anew. More important, I doubt there is a plausible no degree capacity that can do the work this argument assigns to it. Take the capacity to set ends and make choices. Consider a being that has little brain power, but over the course of its life can set just a few ends and make just a few choices based on considering two or three simple alternatives. It sets one end (lunch, now) per decade three times over the course of its life. If there is a capacity to set ends, period, not admitting of degrees, this being possesses it. The point is that it is clearly not merely the capacity to set ends, but something more complex that renders a being a person in our eyes. What matters is whether or not one has the capacity to set sensible ends and to pick among alternative end at a reasonable pace, sorting through complex considerations that bear on the choice of ends and responding in a rational way to these considerations. But this capacity, along with any similar or related capacity that might be urged as a substitute for it, definitely admits of degrees. The same point would hold if we pointed to free will or moral autonomy as the relevant person-determining capacity. It is not the ability to choose an end on ground of consideration for moral considerations merely, but the ability to do this in a nuanced and fine-grained responsive way, that is plausibly deemed to entitle a being to personhood status. In general, we single out rationality, the ability to respond appropriately to reasons, as the capacity that is pertinent to personhood, by itself or in conjunction with related abilities, and rationality so understood admits of degrees. Kant may well have held that the uses of reason that are required in order to have a well-functioning conscience that can tell right from wrong are not very sophisticated and are well within the reach of all non crazy non feebleminded humans. Ordinary intelligence suffices. His discussions of applying the categorical imperative test certainly convey this impression. But commentators tend to agree that there is no simple all-purpose moral test that easily answers all significant moral questions. Thus Christine Korsgaard cautions that the categorical imperative test is not a â€Å"Geiger counter† for detecting the presence of moral duties, and Barbara Herman observes that the application of the categorical imperative test to cases cannot be a mechanical procedure but relies on prior moral understanding by the agent and on the agent’s capacity to make relevant moral discriminations and judgments and to characterize her own proposed maxims perspicuously. These comments confirm what should be clear in any event: Moral problems can be complex and difficult, and there is no discernible upper bound to the complexity of the reasoning required to master and perhaps solve them. But suppose I do the best I can with my limited cognitive resources, I make a judgment as to what is morally right, however misguided, and I am conscientiously resolved to do what I take to be morally right. The capacity to do what is right can be factored into two components, the ability to decide what is right and the ability to dispose oneself to do what one thinks is right. One might hold the latter capacity to be the true locus of human dignity and worth. Resisting temptation and doing what one thinks is right is noble and admirable even if one’s conscience is a broken thermometer. However, one might doubt that being disposed to follow one’s conscience is unambiguously good when one’s conscience is seriously in error. For one thing, moral flaws such as a lazy indisposition to hard thinking and an obsequious deference toward established power and authority might play a large role in fixing the content of one’s judgments of conscience. A conceited lack of healthy skepticism about one’s cognitive powers might be a determinant of one’s strong disposition to do whatever one thinks to be right. Even if Kant is correct that the good will, the will directed unfailingly at what is truly right, has an absolute and unconditional worth, it is doubtful that the would-be good will, a will directed toward what it takes to be right on whatever flimsy or solid grounds appeal to it, has such worth. Take an extreme case: Suppose a particular person has a would-be good will that is always in error. This could be strong or righteous, so that the agent always does what he thinks is right, or weak and corrupt, so that the agent never does what she thinks is right. If the will is always in error, the odds of doing the right thing are increased if the would-be good will is weak and corrupt. Some might value more highly on consequential grounds the weak and corrupt erroneous will, even though the strong and righteous invariably erroneous will always shines like a jewel in its own right. And some might hold that quite aside from the expected consequences, acting on a seriously erroneous judgment of right is inherently of lesser worth than acting on correct judgment of right. Even if the disposition to do what one thinks morally right is unassailable, its purported value does not provide a sound basis for asserting the equal worth and dignity of human persons. The capacity to act conscientiously itself varies empirically across persons like any other valued capacity. A favorable genetic endowment and favorable early socialization experiences bestow more of this capacity on some persons and less on others. If we think of an agent’s will as disposed more or less strongly to do what she conscientiously believes to be right, different individuals with the same disposition will experience good and bad luck in facing temptations that exceed their resolve. Even if we assume that agents always have freedom of the will, it will be difficult to different degrees for different persons to exercise their free will as conscience dictates. Moreover, individuals will vary in their psychological capacities to dispose their will to do what conscience dictates. One might retreat further to the claim that all persons equally can try to dispose their will to do what is right, even if they will succeed in this enterprise to different degrees. But the ability to try is also a psychological capacity that we should expect would vary empirically across persons. At times Kant seems to appeal to epistemic grounds in reasoning from the goodness of the good will to the equal worth and dignity of all human persons. We don’t know what anyone’s inner motivations are, even our own, so the judgment that anyone is firmly disposed to do what is right can never be confirmed. But surely the main issue is whether humans are so ordered that we ought to accord them fundamental equal moral status, not whether, given our beliefs, it is reasonable for us to act as if they are so ordered. The idea that there is a threshold of rational agency capacity such that any being with a capacity above the threshold is a person equal in fundamental moral status to all other persons prompts a worry about how to identify this threshold non arbitrarily. It might seem that only the difference between nil capacity and some capacity would preclude the skeptical doubt that the line set at any positive level of capacity could just as well have been set higher or lower. Regarding the proposal to identify any above-zero capacity as qualifying one for personhood, we imagine a being with barely a glimmer of capacity to perceive the good and the right and to dispose its will toward their attainment. The difference between none and some might be infinitesimal, after all. However, a threshold need not be razor-thin. Perhaps there is a line below which beings with rational capacities in this range are definitely not persons and a higher level such that all beings with capacities above this level are definitely persons. Beings with rational capacities that fall in the middle range or gray area between these levels are near-persons. The levels can be set sufficiently far apart that the difference between scoring at the lower and the higher levels is undeniably of moral significance. But the difference between the rational capacities of the beings just above the higher line, call them marginal persons, and the beings at the upper end of the scale who have saintly genius capacities, is not thereby shown to be insignificant. At the lower end we might imagine persons like the villains depicted in the Dirty Harry Clint Eastwood movies. These unfortunates are not shown as having moral capacities which they are flouting, but rather as bad by nature, and perhaps not entitled to full human rights. No doubt this is a crass outlook, but the question remains whether the analysis we can offer of the basis for human equality generates a refutation of it. Suppose someone asserts that the difference between the rational agency capacities of the most perceptive saints and the most unreflective and animalistic villains defines a difference in fundamental moral status that is just as important for morality as the difference between the rational agency capacities of near-persons and marginal persons. What mistake does this claim embody? COMMENTS ON KANTS ETHICAL THEORY Because we so commonly take it for granted that moral values are intimately connected with the goal of human well-being or happiness, Kants insistence that these two concepts are absolutely independent makes it difficult to grasp his point of view and easy to misunderstand it. The following comments are intended to help the you to avoid the most common misunderstandings and appreciate the sort of outlook that characterizes what Kant takes to be the heart of the ethical life. Kants ethical theory is often cited as the paradigm of a deontological theory. Although the theory certainly can be seriously criticized, it remains probably the finest analysis of the bases of the concepts of moral principle and moral obligation. Kants endeavor to ground moral duty in the nature of the human being as essentially a rational being marks him as the last great Enlightenment thinker. In spite of the fact that his critical philosophy in epistemology and metaphysics brought an end to The Age of Reason, in ethics his attempt to derive the form of any ethical duty from the very nature of a rational being is the philosophical high water mark of the Enlightenments vision of humanity as essentially and uniquely rational. What Kant aims to provide is a metaphysics of morals in the sense of an analysis of the grounds of moral obligation in the nature of a rational being. In other words, Kant aims to deduce his ethical theory purely by a priori reasoning from the concept of what it is to be a human person as a rational agent. The fact that people have the faculty of being able to use reason to decide how to act expresses the fundamental metaphysical principle -the basis or foundation in the nature of reality- on which Kants ethical theory is erected. Kant begins his treatise, The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals with the famous dramatic sentence: Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good without qualification, except a good will. 1. What does Kant mean by good without qualification? Obviously people try to seek and avoid many different sorts of things; those things which they seek they call good, while those they try to avoid, they call bad. These goods which people seek may be divided into those which are sought as means to some further end and those which they seek as good as ends in themselves. Obviously some things may be good as means to one end and bad as means to some other end. Different persons, motivated by different ends, will thus find different things good and bad (relative to their different ends). More food is good to a starving man, but it is bad to one overweight. In order for something to be good without qualification it must not be merely good as means to one end but bad as means to some other end. It must be sought as good totally independently of serving as a means to something else; it must be good in-itself. Furthermore, while one thing may be good as means relative to a particular end, that end becomes a means relative to some other end. So a college diploma may be sought as good as a means for the end of a higher-paying job. And a higher-paying job may be good as a means to increased financial security; and increased financial security may be good as a means to obtaining the necessities of life as well as a few of its luxuries. However, if we seek A only for the sake of B, and B only for the sake of C, etc. , then there is never a justification for seeking A at the beginning of such a series unless there is something at the end of that series which we seek as a good in-itself not merely as means to some further end. Such an ultimate end would then be an absolute rather than a relative good. Kant means that a good will is good without qualification as such an absolute good in-itself, universally good in every instance and never merely as good to some yet further end. 2. Why is a good will the only thing which is universally absolutely good? Kants point is that to be universally and absolutely good, something must be good in every instance of its occurrence. He argues that all those things which people call good (including intelligence, wit, judgment, courage, resolution, perseverance, power, riches, honor, health, and even happiness itself) can become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them is not good. In other words, if we imagine a bad person (i. e. one who willed or wanted to do evil), who had all of these so-called goods (intelligence, wit, etc. ), these very traits would make only that much worse his will to do what is wrong. (We would get the criminal master-mind of the comic books. ) Even health often also cited as a good in- itself may serve to make a person insensitive and indifferent to the lack of good health in others. 3. Isnt happiness such a universal, absolute good in-itself? Kant answers clearly, No. However, many philosophers (the ones we call eudaemonists) have assumed the obvious answer to be Yes. All ancient eudaemonistic ethical theories as well as modern utilitarian theories virtually define happiness as the absolute end of all ethical behavior. Such eudaemonistic ethical theories are attractive because of the fact that they make it easy to answer the question Why should I do what is morally right? For any eudaemonistic theory the answer will always be Because the morally right action is always ultimately in the interest of your own happiness. Since these theories generally assume that people really are motivated by a desire for their own happiness, their only problem is to show that the morally right action really does serve as the best means to obtain the end of happiness. Once you are led to see this, so such theories assume, the question Why should I do what is morally right? is automatically answered. Kant totally rejects this eudaemonistic way of ethical theorizing; he calls decisions made according to such a calculation of what produces your own happiness prudential decisions and he distinguishes them sharply from ethical decisions. This is not because Kant thinks we are not motivated by a desire for happiness, in fact like the ancient philosophers, he takes it for granted that we are; however, such motivation cannot be that which makes an action ethically right or wrong. The fact that an action might lead to happiness cannot be the grounds of moral obligation. Kant regards the notion of happiness as both too indefinite and too empirical to serve as the grounds for moral obligation why we ought to do something. In the first place it is too indefinite because all people have very different sorts of talents, tastes and enjoyments which mean in effect that one persons happiness may be another persons misery. This is because the concept is empirical in the sense that the only way you can know whether what you seek will actually serve to bring you happiness is by experience. As Kant points out, it is impossible that the most clear-sighted [man] should frame to himself a definite conception of what he really wills in this. Since we cannot know a priori before an action whether it really will be conducive to our happiness (because the notion is so indefinite that even the most clear-sighted amongst us cannot know everything that must form part of his own happiness) the desire for our own happiness cannot serve as a motive to determine our will to do this or that action. Moreover, Kant observes that even the general well-being and contentment with ones condition that is called happiness, can inspire pride, and often presumption, if there is not a good will to correct the influence of these on the mind. In other words happiness cannot be good without qualification for if we imagine it occurring in a person totally devoid of the desire to do what is right, it could very well lead to all sorts of immoral actions. 4. What does Kant mean by a good will? To act out of a good will for Kant means to act out of a sense of moral obligation or duty. In other words, the moral agent does a particular action not because of what it produces (its consequences) in terms of human experience, but because he or she recognizes by reasoning that it is morally the right thing to do and thus regards him or herself as having a moral duty or obligation to do that action. One may of course as an added fact get some pleasure or other gain from doing the right thing, but to act morally, one does not do it for the sake of its desirable consequences, but rather because one understands that it is morally the right thing to do. In this respect Kants view towards morality parallels the Christians view concerning obedience to Gods commandments, according to which the Christian obeys Gods commandments simply because God commands them, not for the sake of rewards in heaven after death or from fear of punishment in hell. In a similar way, for Kant the rational being does what is morally right because he recognizes himself as having a moral duty to do so rather than for anything he or she may get out of it. 5. When does one act from a motive of doing ones duty? Kant answers that we do our moral duty when our motive is determined by a principle recognized by reason rather than the desire for any expected consequence or emotional feeling which may cause us to act the way we do. The will is defined as that which provides the motives for our actions. Obviously many times we are motivated by specific desires or emotions. I may act the way I do from a feeling of friendship for a particular individual, or from desire for a particular consequence. I may also be motivated by particular emotions of fear, or envy, or pity, etc. When I act in these ways, I am motivated by a desire for a particular end; in Kants vocabulary I am said to act out of inclination. Insofar as an action is motivated by inclination, the motive to do it is contingent upon the desire for the particular end which the action is imagined to produce. Thus as different rational agents might have different inclinations, there is no one motive from inclination common to all rational beings. Kant distinguishes acts motivated by inclination from those done on principle. For example someone may ask why I did a certain thing, and point out that it brought me no gain, or perhaps even made life a bit less pleasant; to which I might reply, I know I do not stand to gain by this action, but I do it because of the principle of the thing. For Kant, this sort of state of mind is the essence of the moral consciousness. When I act on principle the sole factor determining my motive is that this particular action exemplifies a particular case falling under a general law or maxim. For Kant the mental process by which the actor understands that a particular case falls under a certain principle is an exercise in reasoning, or to be more precise, what Kant called practical reason, reason used as a guide to action. (Pure Reason is reason used to attain certainty, or what Kant called scientific knowledge. ) Since to have moral worth an action must be done on principle, and to see that a certain principle applies to a particular action requires the exercise of reason, only rational beings can be said to behave morally. 6. Why does Kant believe that to have moral worth an action must be done on principle rather than inclination? Kants argument here may seem strange to the contemporary outlook, for it assumes that everything in nature is designed to serve a purpose. Now it is an obvious fact that human beings do have a faculty of practical reason, reason applied to the guidance of actions. (Kant is of course fully aware the people often fail to employ this faculty; i. e. they act non-rationally (without reason) or even irrationally (against what reason dictates); but he intends that his ethical theory is normative, prescribing how people ought to behave, rather than descriptive of how they actually do behave.) If everything in nature serves some purpose then the faculty of practical reason must have some purpose. Kant argues that this purpose cannot be merely the attainment of some specific desired end, or even the attainment of happiness in general, for if it were, it would have been far better for nature simply to have endowed persons with an instinct to achieve this end, as is the case with the non- rational animals. Therefore, the fact that human beings have a faculty of practical reason cannot be explained by claiming that it allows them to attain some particular end. So the fact that reason can guide our actions, but cannot do so for the sake of achieving some desired end, leads Kant to the conclusion that the function of practical reason must be to allow humans as rational beings to apply general principles to particular instances of action, or in other words to engage in moral reasoning as a way of determining ones moral obligation: what is the right action to do. Thus we act morally only when we act rationally to apply a moral principle to determine the motive of our action. 7. Do all persons have the same moral duties? According to Kant only rational beings can be said to act morally. Reason for Kant (as for all the Enlightenment thinkers) is the same for all persons; in other words there isnt a poor mans reason versus a rich mans reason or a white mans reason versus a black mans reason. All persons are equal as potentially rational beings. Therefore, if reason dictates that one person, in a particular situation, has a moral duty to do a particular thing, then any person, in that same situation, would equally well have a duty to do that same thing. In this sense Kants reasoning parallels the way in which stoicism led Roman lawyers to the conclusion that all citizens are equal before the law. Thus Kant is a moral absolutist in the sense that all persons have the same moral duties, for all persons are equal as rational beings. But this absolutism does not mean that Kant holds that our moral duties are not relative to the situation in which we find ourselves. Thus it is quite possible for Kant to conclude that in one particular situation I may have a duty to keep my promise, but in another situation (in which, for example, keeping a promise conflicts with a higher duty) I may equally well be morally obligated to break a promise. 8. Why is it that actions done for the sake of some end cannot have moral worth? Since what ones moral duties are in a particular situation are the same for all persons, ones moral duties must be independent of the particular likes and dislikes of the moral agent. Now any action which is motivated by the desire for some particular end presupposes that the agent has the desire for that end. However, from the simple concept of a rational being it is not possible to deduce that any particular rational being would have any particular desired ends. Most people, of course, desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain, but there is no logical contradiction involved in the notion of a rational being who does not desire pleasure or perhaps who desires pain. Thus reason does not dictate that any particular rational being has any particular end. But if the desire for a particular end gave an action its moral worth, then only those rational beings who happened in fact to desire that end would regard such actions as good, while those that desired to avoid such an end, would regard the action as bad. (Thus for example eudaemonistic theories which assume the end of achieving happiness is what gives an action its moral value, would serve to induce only those beings who happened to have the desire for happiness to behave morally. For those rational beings who happened to desire to avoid happiness, there would be no incentive to behave morally and what appears good to the happiness-seeker will appear positively bad to one who seeks to avoid happiness. ) But, as we have seen above, Kants absolutism reaches the conclusion that moral obligation is the same for all persons. Thus the ground of moral obligation, what makes an action a moral duty, cannot lie in the end which that act produces. 9. What does reason tell us about the principle that determines the morally dutiful motive? Since Kant has ruled out the ends (i. e. the consequences) which an act produces as well as any motive but those determined by the application of principle as determining moral duty, he is faced now with the task of deriving the fundamental principles of his ethical theory solely from the concept of what it is to be a rational being. He now argues (in a very obscure manner) that from this notion of what is demanded by being rational, he can deduce that it would be irrational to act on any principle which would not apply equally to any other actor in the same situation. In other words, Kant claims that reason dictates that the act we are morally obligated to do is one which is motivated by adherence to a principle which could, without inconsistency, be held to apply to any (and all) rational agents. This fundamental ethical principle, which is commonly called The Categorical Imperative, Kant summarizes with the statement that I am never to act otherwise than so that I could also will that my maxim become a universal law. Kants claim that Reason demands the moral agent to act on a universal law thus in many ways parallels Jesus dictum that God commands that those who love Him obey The Golden Rule. 10. What is a categorical imperative? Any statement of moral obligation which I make the principle of my action (my maxim in Kants vocabulary), in the context of a specific situation, constitutes an imperative. I might, in such a situation, choose to act on a statement of the form, If I desire some specific end (e. g. happiness, maximum pleasure, power, etc. ), then I ought to do such and such an action. In doing so I would be acting on what Kant calls a hypothetical imperative. However, Kant has already ruled out ends as the grounds for moral obligation; thus hypothetical imperatives cannot serve as the basis for determining my moral duty. However, if I act on a principle which has the form, In circumstances of such and such a character, I ought to.