Favorite Memory

Samantha Vega Eng 073-08 My Favorite memory My Favorite memory was when I first played in a softball game, it was very exciting, nerve reckon and challenging. Stepping into the field was the best feeling in the world. The air was so fresh. The field was very smooth and the dirt was crispy brown. I remembered watching girl’s plays softball at a young age and I always wanted to see how it felt to play. I became fascinated and was amazed how older girls played amongst themselves and I actually learned just by watching. Playing softball for the first time was exciting.The weather was very nice, the sun was shining, the sky was blue, the birds chirped and the wing blew so smoothly. I could also hear the crowed yelling and shouting excited to see the game. My parents were also there supporting me at my first game. Lincoln high school, a school that wasn’t very good in softball but that was my team. We were facing a school from Parsippany. It was a home game so we played in ou r field in Lincoln Park. It was diamond shape. The dirt was very smooth as I entered the field with my team. The grass on the outfield was wet and green, it was very shiny.Being my first time I was very happy and excited to play. I couldn’t imagine how much fun I was going to have. Softball is very nerve reckon sport. Trying to catch every ball that comes your way or hitting the ball to make a run. Having two strikes on you, 2 outs, last inning and the game is tied makes you really nervous. In my memory, after the team got ready and prepared to face the opponents, number 23 stepped up to the plate and started of the game. I was in center field on the outfield. I was going to give it my all and have our first win. So number 23 had 2 strikes and 1 ball.Yari, our team captain was pitching; everyone was rooting her on to make that out. Number 23 was a big girl, she looked strong and hit the ball all the way to outfield were I was playing my position. I ran as quickly as I could t o catch that ball and I actually caught it. It was fun running and forcing me to catch it. I was very excited that the ball came to me and it was up to me to catch it. I was so nervous and thought to myself â€Å"What way should I run? † â€Å"What to do? † When I caught it the crowd got so happy and screamed my name rooting me on. Lastly, playing in my first game was very challenging.I didn’t expect it was going to be as challenging as I thought it would. Stepping into the plate for the first time made me feel strong and proud to wear my royal blue with the lion logo uniform. My uniform was crisp and ready to get dirty. The wind was blowing in my face as I was holding my bat ready to swing as hard as I could. The first pitch came my way all you heard was â€Å"STRIKE†, â€Å"STRIKE TWO† the umpire yelled. I hit the ball the third time and hit it to 3 rd base and ran as fast as I could after I ran to first base I tripped on the base but quickly got up before they called me out.I was safe. It was a great feeling being safe but it was very challenging when the girl on first almost got me out. Although, in this game there is so much competition, but the whole point of this game is to have fun and be the best you can. In my case, I had the best time playing my first game. We actually won our first game with the score of 10-8. I had so much fun and worked hard to get my spot in the team. It isn’t all about winning or losing it about having the best time and creating friendships with team members.

Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Essay

â€Å"There are worse crimes than burning books. One of them is not reading them† -Ray Bradbury. In the past there were events that affected book writers. People will get together to burn books because they thought it was inappropriate or they were against their literature. Montag is a fireman in a futuristic society who would start fires instead of put them out. After he meets Clarisse a young girl different from all teenagers in that society Montag will find himself doing things he never did before. In Fahrenheit 451 Montag will have a huge change in his life that will make him different from other people. There were people who contributed to that change, people who Montag would never thought of meeting or people he had already knew. Clarisse had Montag analyzing his happiness and questioning himself which caused him to do things he never done before. When Montag and Clarisse were walking Clarisse asked him if he was happy with the life he was living. â€Å"Of course I†™m happy. What does she think? I’m not?†. Montag seems really bothered by the question Clarisse asked him. Montag is positive about his happiness, he knows he’s happy with the life he’s living He knows he’s â€Å"happy† but by someone else asking him that kind of question it doesn’t seem like he is. â€Å"He wore his happiness like a mask and the girl had run across the lawn with the mask and there was no way of going to knock on her door and ask for it†. Once Clarisse asked him about his happiness he started thinking about it and he knew he wasn’t happy at all. He thinks that Clarisse opened his eyes about it. Montag also feels like Clarisse was the one who took his happiness by asking him that question. Mildred proved to Montag he wasn’t really by the way she acts towards him. She was the one who woke him up and made him do something so he could have his happiness back. Mildred as a wife should listen to Montag and make him feel better. Instead Mildred would totally ignore him and seem careless every time he would say something. â €Å"†I’m hungry† â€Å"Last night† he began. â€Å"Didn’t sleep well. Feel terrible† she said. â€Å"God I’m hungry I can’t figure it† â€Å"Last night† he said again. She watched his lips casually. â€Å"What about last night† â€Å"Don’t you remember†Ã¢â‚¬ . Mildred doesn’t really listens to Montag He always tries to tell her something but she seems careless about it. He feels like he’s not getting the attention he wants from her. â€Å"â€Å"When did we meet? Where?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"It doesn’t matter.† She was up, in the bathroom now, and he heard the water running, and the swallowing sound she made. â€Å"No, I guess not,† he said. This demonstrates that all this years of marriage meant nothing to Mildred. By her not remembering how they meet tells that Mildred doesn’t really care about their marriage. Faber encouraged Montag to overcome his fears not by giving him advice but by showing Montag he also feared. Faber was always the type to follow the rules so he wouldn’t get in trouble and face the consequences. Montag didn’t want to be a coward like Faber that’s how he overcame his fears. â€Å"For a little while I’m not afraid. Maybe it’s because I’m doing the right thing at last. Maybe because I’ve done trash thing and don’t want to look the coward to you†. Faber has never made a change in his life because he has always been afraid of the consequences. He tells Montag that he has to face his fears which make him feel like he’s doing the right thing for once. â€Å"â€Å"Mr. Montag you’re looking at a coward. I saw the way things were going a long time back. I said nothing. I’m one of the innocents who could have spoken up and put when no one would listen to the ‘guilty’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Faber is telling Montag that he never had the courage to stand up in what he strongly believes its right. He categories himself as a person who’s afraid by the consequences. In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Clarisse, Mildred and Faber had Montag doing things he never did before. They had him questioning, making him realize and encouraging him to get over his fears. He was doing things he never saw himself doing before in his life. Even though those things he do had its bad consequences he never felt that good about himself. Many people won’t confront their fears because they’re scared of the consequences but once people they overcome those fears there will be nobody who will stop them to do what they think it’s right. WORK CITED Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. Simon and Shuster paperbacks; New York, 2012

Media sends unhealthy signals to young women

Media sends unhealthy signals to young women Every girl has seen a woman in the media stick thin, sun kissed, envy of the way she looks â€Å"perfect†. Women that are put on television, a magazine or advertisements is ultimately fake with Photos, makeup and plastic surgery. This is a dangerous perception of beauty which has resulted in a decline in self-acceptance. Many girls any age struggle with their image believing that they are not thin enough, their hair is not long enough, or even they believe that they are ugly. I believe that the social stereotype of beauty should go back to the ass's.Self-acceptance and self-esteem is one of the biggest issues for young women who believe that they are not beautiful. A high percentage Of girls who do not think they are thin enough go to the extreme of anorexia, bulimia or even diet pills at a young age. A mental condition that they will live with for the rest of their lives, the life expectancy for those with this mental illness is ve ry short because of the lack of nutrients. Women that are models will even reluctantly eat, a model at size 4, is considered fat while the average of America is size 14, in the ass's the average size was 1 1.Many young woman will even change their appearance to â€Å"mold† their self to be perfect. Most popular at the moment is the ideal for long hair so girls will buy hair extensions that could cost up to $300. Some girls will buy colored contacts for the desired blue eyes. Almost every young woman who desperately wants to be perfect will spend hours upon hours on their makeup, sadly I am guilty of this before school I will wake up two and a half hours ahead of time to get ready. Others will get fake nails, fake eyelashes, and self-tanners.A girl could completely change the way that they kook and still not be happy with their appearance. In the ass's skinny was not beautiful, a lot of makeup was not beautiful, but what is beautiful? Confidence? Confidence is something I beli eve that every young woman should have it is a very important thing that helps with growing up in to a woman. Models are a very small majority of America that is mass produced in the media of what young woman believe to be what they should look like. Media had had a very large degrading impact on young woman everywhere.

Organization Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organization Selection - Essay Example The Professional Standard Committee regularly reviews the RPC to ensure the timely change required in the changing environment of Canada in the workplace. The RPC has eight functional elements which apply to the academic along with experiential knowledge. The academic knowledge is based on the policies, privileges and accountabilities of the labor as well as the management, training development and human rights along with payments. Conversely, the experimental knowledge is based on wisdom acquired from the academic knowledge. Experimental knowledge incorporates the ethical issues, which enables to deal with the high profile people strategically. The RPC for the purpose of staffing in Canada deals with identifying the potential sources of candidates to support the organization’s strategic directions. The purpose of staffing is to attract competent candidates and to evaluate the effectiveness of recruiting by following the benchmarking techniques and analytical tools. Analyzing the areas for the selection and establishing the screening–assessment procedure are also key constituents of staffing. It also entails establishing the procedure for appointment based on the various concepts such as past experience and testing techniques. The subsequent step relates to developing contracts for employment following the norms of the organization wherein any misconduct might lead to termination. Furthermore, developing strategy for maintaining and protecting assets of the company is ensured by preserving the dignity of the employees. (Human Resource Professional of Newfoundland & Labrador, n.d; Catano et al., 2009). Question 2 The preparation of annual report of an organization on the basis of the recruitment and selection depends on various functional aspects. The purpose of the annual report is to exhibit the efficiency and effectiveness of the functions. The purpose of the recruitment and selection process is to absorb the right person for the right position in accordance with the skills required. The reputation of the company depends on the employees of the organization. Thus, emphasizing the importance of selection and recruitment is important. It is one of the guiding values, which adds to the success of the company. The transparency in the activities of the employees adds value to the organization. Adoption of a fair approach for selection and employing the best candidates for the right job are the key values followed by the organization. The importance of the R&S process depends largely on the perception of the person and self-evaluation of the person (Rees & French, 2010). The annual report will largely focus on the key aspects for attracting and recruiting staff in the organization. These strategic approaches are implemented for the purpose of R&S. The ability of the qualified candidates in ensuring the achievement of the company objective through their strategic decisions is valued and estimated through the annual report. The gr owing needs of the organization in accordance with the policies and practices are also valued and evaluated all through the year to judge the effectiveness of the R&S process. The qualified candi

Kinship System and Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kinship System and Culture - Research Paper Example A study on the kinship system of the San reflects that they belonged to a nuclear family comprising of father, mother and children. The kinship connection in relation to both mother and father is important among the San’s. This particular kinship system is referred to as the bilateral kinship system. Because of the bilateral kinship system among the San, there is a presence of relative in every band living nearby.   The San’s are prohibited to marry their second cousins or marrying someone close in relationship to the person. San girls oppose marriage at an early age. The women in the San culture are highly responsible for the gathering of their foods.   Women generally collect fruits, lemons, nuts, while the no vegetarian food is collected by the men.   The San families work together as a group.   The kinship system they had helps them to survive in disasters.   If one family is unable to collect food for a day, they move to other families and take the foods from them. San people live in large number of groups and a group may consist of more than 30 members. The groups are connected by marriage and kinship and help them in providing safety and comfort. During scarcity of food and other needs they move on to other camps and take their help. Marriage between inter band members strengthens the harmony among the groups. The kinship system actually affects the thought process of the San. It is because of their necessity to live in dependence of the group, for which the inter-group marriage has become popular.

Yes and No - Life is Absurd Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Yes and No - Life is Absurd - Term Paper Example After an assessment, this paper will point out some underlying ideas on which both Smith’s and Feinberg’s differing views are based. A backgrounder Michael Smith is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities whose interests include the philosophy of the mind. His article Is That All There Is poses a question which embodies the position of the philosophical school of Absurdism that man is incapable of ultimately finding inherent meaning to life. In the article, Smith implicitly avows his absurdist philosophy, nothing short of revealing his growing up experience in an undeveloped suburb of Melbourne, Australia’s capital city. Smith’s schooling was not remarkable, except for the intellectual cream of his school’s teaching staff. Mr. Taffe, one of his respected teachers, came prominently in his recollection as the teacher who introduced him to the French language and culture. The opportunities afforded by Mr. Taffe allowed Smith to attend a Waitin g for Godot theatre performance. As an adolescent with a malleable mind, Smith felt strongly influenced by the play’s dramatic portrayal of life’s tragic lack of meaning. The play belongs to the genre of the Theatre of the Absurd which portrays horror and tragedy with characters caught up in situations of hopelessness and absurdity. In Smith’s own words, the play impressed on him the â€Å"utter pointlessness and tragedy of human existence† (Smith 77). This sense of hopelessness would linger throughout the life of Smith in spite of such wonderful experiences as having a family. Later in his career, Smith would garner career achievements such his being a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities. But in spite of his success he says he felt the intellectual â€Å"dissonance† in his life, and this prompted his study of Joel Feinberg’s paper â€Å"Absurd Self-fulfilment.† Feinberg’s essay Feinberg’s essay was a challeng e to Smith’s enduring adolescent dissonance. In his critique, Smith found an ally in Thomas Nagel, an American philosopher widely known in the field of the philosophy of the mind. Nagel’s What Is It Like to Be a Bat held a sceptical view of the world, as the mind is obstructed by three barriers to human consciousness-- physical, functional and mental. Smith then expounds his five arguments arguing against Feinberg’s propositions which upheld coherence to human life as such, and the redeeming value of fulfilment to save human life from being tragic: 1. What makes a life absurd? Smiths lays the ground for discussion as he explains Feinberg’s explanation of what is absurd, namely: the irrational/incongruous in things/activities/attitudes of the individual person. For Fienberg, the Absurd can be likened to the mythical Sisyphus who perpetually rolls a rock uphill, the rock rolling down the other side again and again. For Fienberg, there is a spectrum of absur dities from the extreme-intrinsically worthless, to the absurdly trivial, the burdensome-ill-designed, and misfits in terms of pretensions of aspirations. With sweeping insight, Smith viewed Feinberg as positing different levels of absurdity, some more and others lesser the extreme being the thought of life as totally pointless. Smith clarifies that his adolescent dissonance does not redound to absurdity in the extreme case. 2. Can a pointless human life be saved from being tragic by being fulfilled? Smith gave cognizance to Feinberg’s position that human lives can both be pointless to a certain extent and at the same time fulfilled, again to a certain extent. Feinberg’s own definition of fulfilment is â€Å"an individual’s having and exercising the capacities that are centrally involved in her being the individual that she is†

The Life of Josef Stalin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Life of Josef Stalin - Essay Example When the majority of people perceive or heed the name Joseph Stalin, they usually correlate it with a fierce and pitiless political head of the Soviet Union who coped to send more and more Russians towards their deaths than Hitler has done with the Jews. Apart from this verity, most personages identify very little with regards to Joseph Stalin as well as his decree over the Soviet Union. As unforeseen as it may be, Stalin performed even more than slaughter during his control. Within a matter of years he was competent to convert Russia from a fraught nation into a super-power humanity. Regardless of Stalin's villainous character as a crowd murderer as well as a terrified ruler, his economic along with his political achievements inside Russia have produced him to be one of the preeminent socialist / communist monarchs of the 20th century2. During the year of 1928, Stalin projected the Five Year Plans, which were to assemble profound business, transportation, as well as an enhanced in farming production. This early attempt to industrialize the country was generally victorious; however collectivization was tremendously detested and was opposed by the peasants. As an answer Stalin had hundreds and hundreds of them killed, or has permitted them to go hungry. Stalin declared that the Soviet Union was at the back of the rest of the world with regards to industry as well as agriculture, and required to draw level quickly. Stalin also formed all economic doings under government authority. Under this domination economy, he owned every business and decided on all economic judgments3. Although Stalin had absolute power over the Soviet Union, he still sensed that the citizens were not in favor of him. During the Great Purge, Stalin aimed for and killed any person who proposed any sort of danger to him. Ultimately, about 800,000 citizens were killed4. Upon thinking of a dictatorship, the label of Joseph Stalin has grown to be synonymous with this word. There has been not any other ruler who has applied such merciless and has had the capability to victor and sustains authority against all probability. Starting from his rise to supremacy in 1928 until his bereavement twenty five years later, during 1953, Stalin made use of an iron fist towards the management of the Soviet Union along with its people. For the period of his statute he altered the Soviet Union from a reasonably economic backward state that was still striving to pull through from the consequences of the Russian Revolution, into a military juggernaut which would face up to the United States for worldwide superiority5.Towards merely contemplating on Stalin's totalitarian alarm does disregard his momentous achievements, nevertheless the end does not justify the means. Stalin was a self-righteous man and was arrogant of Russia, he apprehended that Russia has been a backwar d realm and without driving USSR towards modernization it would be trampled. Stalin inside his speech declared "All have trampled her due to her military, industrial as well as her agricultural backwardness We are about fifty towards a hundred years behind the highly developed countries either we compose the difference within ten years otherwise they might crush us6."Stalin applied propaganda together with nationalism to brainwash the

Small Business Entrepreneurship Assignment Essay

Small Business Entrepreneurship Assignment - Essay Example Source: Sofat & Hiro Q1b: What benefits, other than more capital, would a partner bring? If two or more individuals share capital in a business, it is recognised as a partnership. Partnership appears to be a beneficial for small businesses because it is the simplest form of business and the partners share the profits and loss of the company. In a start-up business, the risk of failure of business is high therefore, by sharing capital both partners share profit and loss, thereby, having less money at risk. In other words, the partners have the shared financial commitment. Second, the expertise and skills of the partner can improve the operational and financial performance of business. Third, partners have to fulfil very few legal formalities because these enterprises do not have legal status however, they need to have licences. Q1c: In 1996 Finch said ‘if I become your partner, we must have a written agreement –it’s illegal not to’. What are your views on th is? In a partnership business, the partners are not legally bound to undergo any legal agreement however, creating written agreements in partnership is important because of a number of reasons. Through a written agreements the two partners could have define the responsibilities and essential terms of the contract and in the case of any conflict between them, the written agreement could help them to resolve the issue. Therefore, in my opinion, the idea of Finch to make the written agreement is a good suggestion however, saying that its illegal not to have the written agreement is not right because in the legal framework of formation of a company in the UK, no legal agreements are required for the General Partnerships because these enterprises do not have a legal status. What advantages would there be in becoming a private limited company rather than taking on more partners? Rather than taking on more partners, become a private limited company has been advantageous for the company bec ause a private limited company has a legal identity. The business owns the property and assets of the company and unlike partnership assets and property are not owned by the partners. The partners are personally liable if a partnership business fails however, in a private limited company, the liability of the shareholders is only limited to the share they have in the shared capital. It means that if a partnership fails, the partners would be personally liable to sell their assets to pay off the loans and borrowings whereas, in the private limited company, the assets of the company would be sold. In other words, the personal assets of the shareholders or the director of the company cannot be used to pay off the loans and debts in a private limited company (Forma Company). Moreover, in a partner if more partners are added, the chances of conflicts and issues are increased whereas, in a private limited company shareholders are bound by the legal agreements and they have limited liabili ties which reduce the chances of conflicts. Q2a: In the case study it was said that the company ‘went public’. What effect would this have on the company’s name? The change in the company from a private limited company to a public company would have brought various benefits to the company. First, the value and recognition of the company would have increased because company got listed on the stock exchange which would have made it popular in the

How Personal Can Ethics Get Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

How Personal Can Ethics Get - Essay Example Favoritism and Partiality has forever been known for violation of equal rights – a policy that most organizations carry on their sleeves. If an executive practices partiality in his/her choices of human resource, it not only affects the morale of the competitor individual but also diminishes the overall efficiency of the organization knowing a suitable candidate was rejected for a project against an incapable one. Additionally, this will also demoralize other employees of the organization, knowing that the system for their career growth is corrupt by personal biases. If this partiality is backed by personal gains (monetary or otherwise) on behalf of the executive, it further deteriorates the organizational relationships – the employees tend to be uninterested in company decisions, disloyal towards the organization and low- performed. Turnover rate can also be expected to be higher than normal for such an organization. Also, it can be expected that such an organization w ill dissolve rapidly into non-existence. Business operations therefore strictly require the setting aside of personal differences and working in collaboration for common organizational goals. Ethics play a vital role in organizations and organizational commitments on behalf of employees. Ethics, if practiced properly, can guarantee organizational prosperity. This is because ethical environment ensures safeguard of employee rights, allowing them to concentrate on their jobs and prove to be productive members of the organization. The employees will be less pressurized to compromise their own ethics and values, making them comfortable and satisfied in their jobs. It will promote equality among all employees, controlling misconduct and sycophancy naturally. An employee will possess greater willingness to report misconduct, if any, knowing the organization will take appropriate

Southern blotting application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Southern blotting application - Assignment Example A labeled DNA sequence is usually an RFLP probe that hybridizes with either a single or multiple fragments of the digested DNA sample after separation by gel electrophoresis resulting to showing a unique blotting pattern attributed to a genotype that is specific to a locus. RFLP probes are usually short, single or low copy genomic DNA or cDNA clones. Application of RFLP probes are usually used in variation analysis such as in paternity tests, ping and diagnosis of hereditary diseases. RFLP probes are also used in genome mapping. RFLPs are detected by using restriction enzyme that can recognize and fragment a sample of DNA where there is a specific short sequence. This step is known as restriction enzyme digestion. Single nucleotide polymorphisms can either create or destroy restriction endonuclease recognition sites therefore affecting the length and the quantity of DNA fragments resulting from restriction enzyme digestion. Agarose gel electrophoresis separates the resulting DNA fragments and transferred to a membrane through a Southern blot procedure. The membrane is a paper like matrix made up of nitrocellulose and usually has a slight positive charge. The fragment lengths that are complementary to the RFLP probes and are considered as alleles in genetic analysis is determined by the hybridization of the membrane to the labeled DNA probe (National Center for Biotechnology Information ). In developing RFLP probes, a methylation sensitive enzyme digests the total DNA thus enriching the library for sequences that are single or low copy expressed. The digested DNA is size fractionated on preparative agarose gel and excision, elusion and cloning into plasmid vector of is done. The digested plasmids are consequently screened for inserts. Total sheared DNA can be used to probe southern blots of the inserts to select clones that can hybridise to single and low copy sequences. Genomic DNA of different genotypes

Reflective portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reflective portfolio - Essay Example Personally, I opted to volunteer with the National Society of clean Air (NSCA) organization. It is an organization that enhances the protection of environment, and advocates for clean air in the world. Its main objective is to see reduced pollution of land, air, water, noise and other harmful contaminants. In my entire time of volunteering, I was able to create a significant impact on various communities through the creation of awareness on the importance of keeping our environment healthy. Communities in which I served were able to understand the importance of vegetation cover and disposing of wastes in an environmentally friendly manner. The planet is contaminated and without any environmental efforts to return to its natural state then people will perish over time. Our environment is suffering from the impacts of global warming. There is a need to reduce the amount of green house gases emitted into the air through the adoption of cleaner production technologies and increasing on t he vegetation cover. Evaluating the contribution of volunteering in meeting the organization objective Support from volunteers and organization leadership are fundamental in the success of an organization (Warner et al 2011, p.391). Without the two, then successful movements in sentiment transformation in various levels such as political, personal or professional cannot thrive. In order for the continual culture of improvements environmentally, volunteers at the community level are an essential commodity. Volunteers are effective in providing adequate service and remarkably efficient in reducing the organization spending costs. They always offer their services free of charge (Levine & Agostino 2010, p.711). However, because of their increased numbers, organizations have not been able to accommodate them. Non-profit organizations such as National Society of clean Air have been able to utilize skilled volunteers in meeting the needs of the community and meet its goals and objectives. Volunteers in environmental organization have been at the forefront advocating for Natural resource management (Measham &Barnett 2008, p.538). They are tasked by the organization to pass information to the community on the importance of managing their resources effectively. This is through the development of brochures that have information on natural resource management and holding campaigns where communities are able to air their views. The interaction between the community and volunteers enable an organization to identify loopholes that exists and come up with strategies that can enable them fix the problem. Through volunteering, the volunteers have been able to acquire necessary skills that make them sell like hot cake in the job market. Some have become environmental activists. They advocate for policies that will enhance the improvement and point fingers at those organizations that are not operating in an environmental sound manner. The volunteers in the organization involve th emselves in activities such as botanical specimen collection to enhance their understanding of ecology. They also involve themselves in monitoring and evaluation programs. This develops their mind in criticizing where things are not right. Through the volunteers, the organization has been able to achieve its aim of protecting the environment and ensuring that the air individuals’ breath is clean. Through sensitization, the community and other stakeholders have

Critiquing Internet Sources Essay Example for Free

Critiquing Internet Sources Essay The internet is filled with information. Podcasts, videos, and blogs are the most used forms of information on the internet. Three factors that need to be used when evaluating internet sources for use in research are authority, can the speaker be authenticated, and is he qualified to speak on the subject, accuracy, can the information be found in other credible sources, and currency is the information current or when was the last revision to the page? The topic is Elder Abuse, a blog, video, and podcast, have been evaluated pertaining to the subject to show the credibility and reliability of the sources. A blog is a website containing a writer’s or group of writers’ own experiences, observations, opinions, etc., and often having images and links to other websites (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015). The blog Elder Care and Technology is written by a group of writers’ in the Walton Law Firm. The blog explains in detail the impact of modern technology on Elder Abuse. The law firm based in San Diego, California specializes in court cases representing abused elders and their families. The Law firm can be authenticated and has been successful in prosecuting and retaining damages against nursing homes and personal care homes for years (Walton Law Firm, 2014). The blog does show some bias against people and organizations accused of elder abuse. The information in the blog is accurate and valid, because there are links to the law firm site that confirm the blog’s content. The information is current and applicable to the topic of Elder Abuse. A video is the recording, reproducing, or broadcasting of moving visual images (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015). The video Elder Abuse: the Crime of the Twenty-First Century, was produced by The Stein Institute for Research on Aging. The guest speaker is Deputy District Attorney of San Diego County; Paul Greenwood J.D. Attorney Greenwood has prosecuted over  four-hundred felony cases of Elder Abuse, both physic al and financial. The video gives a detailed explanation of what is being done in the state of California to combat Elder Abuse. The speaker is biased towards the prosecuting of those who mistreat the elderly. Attorney Greenwood is a valid source and the information he shares in the video is applicable to this research. The video shares information that can be found in other resources and is just one in a series offered by The Stein Institute for Research on Aging to show the new ideas that the state of California is implementing to fight elder abuse. District Attorney Greenwood is a credible source for information because of his background in the fight against elder abuse. The video is informative and the speaker is clear and concise in his reporting of the facts. A podcast is a digital audio file made available on the internet for downloading to a computer or portable media player, typically as a series, new installments of which can be received by subscribers automatically (Oxford Dictionaries, 201 5). The New York City Elder Abuse center has a series of podcasts about Elder Justice. The center was erected in 2009 to improve professional, organizational, and system responses to elder abuse (NYCEAC, 2013). The most current podcast in the aging series is Ageism, Elder Justice, and The Legacy Project, each podcast has a guest speaker and the speaker on this podcast is Professor Karl Pillemer, a noted author, Director of Bronfenbrenner’s Center for Translational Research, Hazel E. Reed Professor in the Department of Human Development, Professor of Gerontology in Medicine at the Weill Cornell Medical Center, and a collaborator on the Legacy Project (Cornell University, 2015). Professor Pillemer is an expert on the issues of the elderly, and his qualified to express his opinions though somewhat biased in favor of the elderly. He uses his bias in a way that expresses the deep concern for the elderly and their treatment, which tends to sway one to favor his arguments. The podcast is one in a series of valid podcasts and the information is easily applied to this research. The information can also be found in other credible sources on the internet. The information given in blogs, videos, and podcasts are great examples of web-based information. Web-based information has a major influence on how students gather information for research, global citizenship, and multicultural understanding. Web-based information helps develop intercultural literacies that students, parents,  educators, and leadership groups need to live and work as a diverse and globalized population. Web-based information gives the user awareness of the interconnectedness with people and environments around the globe (Department of Education, 2013). Web-based information is being infused in today’s global history classroom curriculum to enable students to have access to the global network of multimedia information while being engaged in self-directed learning activities (Scheidel, 2003). Web-based information influences the understanding of global citizenship and multicultural understanding, because people are able to put themselves in the position of the citizens of foreign countries, which helps them broaden their understanding of the different cultures that they meet right here in the United States, and helps us understand the complexities of ethnicity and culture (Hickling, 2012). Elder Abuse is a subject that has recently been raised by different organizations and advocates that fight for the elderly and their rights. The different blogs, videos, and podcasts, are ways that a researcher can find the relevant information they need to learn more about the subject and the policies being used to combat elder abuse. The internet is the leading source of information in society today. The information by way of blogs, videos, and podcasts are all perfect ways to get and exchange information. The credibility and relevance of the information should be easy to prove and sh ould always be authenticated when using these methods for research. References Ageism, Elder Justice The Legacy Project (April 22, 2014). Retrieved from: http://podgallery.org/elder-justice-podcast-series/ January10, 2015 Cornell University College of Human Ecology (2015). Karl Pillemer-Bio Retrieved from: http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=kap6 January 11, 2015 Department of Education and Early Childhood Development Education for Global and Multicultural Citizenship: A Strategy for Victorian Government Schools 2009-2013. Retrieved from: http://www.education.vic.gov.au/studentlearning/programs/multicultural/default.htm. January 11, 2015. Elder Abuse: The Crime of the Twenty-First Century? Research on Aging MAY 5, 2014 University of California Television (UCTV) Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JoUapRfjZw January 10, 2015. Elder Care and Technology By Walton Law Firm http://www.nursinghomeabuselawyerblog.com/2014/05/elder-care-technology.html Hickling, F.W. (2012). Understanding Patients in Multicultural Settings: A Personal Reflection on Ethnicity and Culture in Clinical Practice. Ethnicity Health, 17(1/2), 203-216. Doi:10. 1080/ 13557858.2012 655266. Retrieved from: Ashford University Library, January 14, 2015. Oxford University Press (2015) http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/ Scheidet, R.A. (2003). Improving Student Achievement by Infusing a Web-Based Curriculum into Global History. Journal Of Research on Technology in Education. International Society for Technology in Education, 36(1), 77-94. Retrieved from: Ashford University Library, January 14, 2015.

Management culture on HRM practices

Management culture on HRM practices Introduction This research paper identifies the influence of management culture on HRM practices and ultimately on the organization. Globalization is a process which facilitates the integration of societies and cultural values by means of communication and trade across nations which are primarily aided by strategic use of information systems. However, there are several issues of concern which an organization should consider before establishing their HRM practices. Issues pertaining cross-national transfer of HRM practices, individualism at work, individual and organizational transformation, more influence of economic success, differences in leadership practices, emphasis to spirituality, dehumanization, greater role of the state, difference in consultation and ownership are some of the key concerns that emerge in organization processes due to the cultural difference in management practice. Both western and non-western management culture has its own benefits and shortcomings. This research paper performs critical analysis of both western and non-western management culture by analyzing the relevant literature of human resource management in line with the management culture which is discussed in the next section. The discussion is built around difference in management styles of countries like Sweden, Japan, United Kingdom and India. In last section, based on the analysis of western and non-western management style, conclusions and recommendations are drawn. Hypothesis View Armstrong (2009) defines human resource management as set of policies which are designed to improve the organizational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality of work. Human Resource Management acts as an intermediate between the organization and the employees. The practice of human resource management involves supervision of the people (how they are employed and managed) in the organization. A well-designed structure of human resource management within an organization should result in no Trade Unions. Human resource management is a vital segment of any organization. It plays an important role in defining and designing the elements of organization culture. Organization culture is known as set of shared values and beliefs specified by the organization taking into account various agreeable and disagreeable conducts. Jackson (2002) supports a cross-cultural approach within an organization in order to give emphasis to management of segregation across cultures and to deal with the apprehension of difference in people management styles. Strategic human resource management also helps the organization to gain a sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors composed of high-quality people. The roles and objectives of human resource management depend upon the volume of the organization. Torrington et al. (2005) explained that as the size of the organization increases, the scope of employing people to specialize in particular areas of human resource management also increases. Figure 1.1 demonstrates various roles and objectives of human resource management. Change-management Objectives Performance Objectives Administrative Objectives Staffing Objectives Human Resource Management Human resource generalists Line Managers Consultants and advisers Human resource specialists Subcontractors Figure 1.1: HRM roles and objectives [Torrington et al. (2005)] Keating et al. (2004) identifies comparative human resource management (CHRM) research which improves the adequacy of human resource management practice and provides global point of view. CHRM research includes a comparative study of human resource management which results in variation due to the difference in culture and institutional environments. This research also supports cultural relativity between HRM concepts, theories and models. The word Integrative imply the propensity to collate diverse rudiments into one single function. Liu (2004) suggests that an organization can make use of integrative human resource management (IHRM) research model in order to allow all their subsidiaries to establish same human resource management practices. This method is more expensive due to integration between the parent company and all their subsidiaries through inter-transfer of their HRM practices. A critical challenge facing IHRM is fast and growing globalizing world. Figure 1.2 shows some of the key characteristics of Comparative and Integrative human resource management. Comparative HRM Integrative HRM Comparative HRM compares HRM practices at organizational level as well as national level Integrative HRM approach compares HRM practices at organizational level A study of Comparative HRM helps in identifying different patterns of HRM practices at organizational level as well as national level Two main objectives of Integrative HRM are: Standardization International learning A study of Comparative HRM helps in identifying different reasons for the variations in HRM practices investigated at organizational level as well as national level Integrative HRM approach describes same HRM practices for both parent company as well as its subsidiaries Comparative HRM describes two major categories for the reasons of variation: Cultural Issues Institutional Issues Major challenges of Integrative HRM are: Globalizing world Robust transfer mechanisms Difference in cultural values Comparative HRM does not use theoretical framework Integrative HRM involves centralization of work and improves monitoring Figure 1.2: Comparative HRM and Integrative HRM Comparative HRM and Integrative HRM approach are used by the organization in order to measure the impact of their existing HRM practices. Furthermore, CHRM provides a global perspective and IHRM facilitate centralization of work within organization. The organization implies Comparative Human Resource Management (CHRM) and Integrative Human Resource Management (IHRM) in order to investigate the areas of improvement. In the next part of this section, we shall discuss how CHRM and IHRM are related to the practice of personnel management and work group management. HRM versus Personnel Management Personnel Management is typically related to the practices and guidelines associated with management of employees working in an organization. As discussed earlier (in section 1 overview), HRM also defines the practices related to the supervision of the employees in an organization. So, what is the difference between Personnel Management and HRM? Bratton et al. (2007) describes the evolution of personnel management and some of the key differences between Personnel Management and HRM. In England (1970), when a new legislation was approved, promoting the equality in employment, there was an unexpected increase in the functions and status of personnel manager. A study conducted by Donovan Commission states that since 1914 there has been a constant growth of personnel managers with most of them found to be men. One of the key functions of personnel manager was to deal with Trade Unions. Second World War increased the demand of personnel managers and in 1989, the personnel specialists/managers rose to 35,548. The following figure (Figure 1.3) describes the difference between Personnel Management and HRM. Personnel Management Human Resource Management (HRM) Personnel Management is a subset of Human Resource Management Human Resource Management is integrated with strategic plan of an organization Personnel Management provide more significance to Legally Constructed Exchange Human Resource Management provide more significance to Psychological Contract Personnel Management deals with the activities related to the supervision of an employee like recruitment, training, counseling etc Major objectives of Human Resource Management: Encourage learning at workplace High employee commitment Improve performance of the organization Personnel Management facilitates Work Group management and improves the management process HRM focus more on an individual aspect and marginalize the collective measure of the aspects between an individual and management Figure 1.3: Difference between Personnel Management and HRM [Bratton et al. (2007)] However, as the main purpose of Personnel Management and Human Resource Management is to improve the relationship between the employer and employees, the term Personnel Management and HRM can be used interchangeably. Personnel management deals with functions like counseling for employees, security of personal information and proper job description. Personnel management also gets effected by the impact of cultural differences. Both comparative and integrative human resource management provides a framework which defines the guideline for the practices of personnel management. However, due to the swift growth of business across nations, personnel management practices should also be revised constantly. Work Group management can also be defined as a subset of Human Resource Management which consists of a group that manages the working practices followed by an organization. Work Group management confronts a crucial challenge due to the increase in diversity of culture and beliefs. CHRM and IHRM provide an analysis of the cultural difference which can be useful in design of work group management. Many believe that the concern raised by diversity is simply ignored while establishing HRM policies and practices in an organization. This might result in greater conflicts and low performance. Considering the perception of organization culture, western management culture has always been referred to the things that are not regarded as religious, spiritual and sacred. The universalistic approach makes western management culture give more emphasis to dehumanizing treatment of individuals and neglect the importance of incorporating cross-cultural and shared value perspective within the organization. Individuals are often referred as resources of the organization, which helps the organization to fulfill their requirement in the process of achieving business targets. On the other hand, non-western management culture involves a big fraction of human characteristics at work. Non-western management culture also describes equal importance to spirituality and cultural differences between the employees of the organization. Theory Analysis As discussed in the previous section, Integrative HRM and Comparative HRM help the organization to build a strategic HRM which in turn allows the organization to design competitive strategies in relation to their HRM policies and practices. However, as business is growing more and more in a borderless world, the organization has to deal with two important challenges: Maintain correlation between their national units which operates in respective national cultures. Employees of the organization have difference in cultural value. There are two ways of taking the discussion forward, one is at macro level (among different national culture) and second is at micro level (people possess different cultural value). Boone et al. (1997) identified that integration opportunity and constraining diversity were two main issues faced by the managers in Europe. In 1991, various multinational companies which were operating in Europe were in tight spot of making a strategic decision whether to adopt the European style of management or to continue with their own style of management satisfying all the norms of local-national culture. This involved an investigation from legal, social, economic and political point of view. According to Jackson (2002), there are four dimensions to represent the value systems of any national culture. Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism Masculinity An organization can take up either integrative approach or differentiation approach for their HRM practices. For example, an operational unit of an organization decides to adapt the HRM practices which are followed by the host country. This results in differentiation of HRM practices between the parent company and its subsidiary. What happens when the companys growth is coupled with both the parent company and other operational units? Now, let us try to answer the above asked question by considering the management culture followed in different parts of the world. Swedish Management Culture Western management culture is generally referred to Western Machine Model as business organizations give more emphasis to economic success and often focus more on task completion and outputs rather than creativity, emotions and spirituality. Leaders create a vision whereas managers develop plans based on Leaders vision, the employees/workers concentrate on its implementation. In most of the western countries, robust HRM structure provides broad range of incentives based on the factors like opportunities, participation and working conditions. Jackson (2002) states that, when the act of co-determination at work was passed in 1976, the managers and union representatives were assigned equal right to information and managers were instructed to consult the unions before making any major management decision. Since the end of 1980s, distinctions between blue-collar and white-collar workers were supported by associate agreements which diminished the effect of trade unions at the workplace. Co nstant growth in service industries also resulted in weak trade union representation. In 1994, Sweden joined European Union. Swedes tend to focus more on social democracy and equality. They are impassively practical and bias towards rational reasons which define their sensible approach towards life. Jackson (2002) identified three main factors of Swedish Cultural value: Love of nature Individualism through self-development Equality As per Jackson (2002), Swedish management culture is considered to be ambiguous by the foreign managers. Informal relationships with subsidiary, avoiding conflict, low in power distance, high in individualism, low in uncertainty avoidance, unclear objectives are some of the key traits of Swedish organizations. The factor of equality can be understood by the fact that 75% of the women constitute the workforce. In order to explain this in more detail, Jackson (2002) took an example of IKEA: Furniture Distribution Industry. Since its beginning, IKEA faced a massive challenge of maintaining its Swedishness along with the strategic decision of adapting local-national culture in which they are operating. IKEA has been a global player from past 25 year which includes some of their biggest market in United States of America, France and Germany. Just like Swedish culture, IKEAs management style is also informal denying the actuality of employee as replaceable and interchangeable component. Common practice of sharing knowledge and skills were seen among managers towards their subordinates. Discussion and explanation were prime sources used in order to spread their organizational culture rather than formal training programs. Human resource management has also followed the same Swedish approach. Recruitments were made on the basis of good interpersonal skills and high potential whereas less emphasis is given to formal qualifications. Shortly, IKEA started having trouble with their subsidiaries in countries like Germany, France and USA. Issues pertaining managers authority, informality, job description, assessing risks, indecisiveness, lack of formal rules were some of the key concern for IKEA. IKEA also lost some of their key American managers in the same process. In order to overcome the above mentioned inadequacy, Jackson (2002) proposed a multicultural model. This model suggests that people having different cultural values should work together. Cultural differences and business ethics should not affect each other when communicating across nations. Boone et al. (1997) describes three types of diversity (refer figure 1.4) from the managerial perspective. Types of diversity Examples Diversity in negotiated environment Tax rules Subsidization practices Financial reporting requirements Quality and product standards Administrative diversity Internal accounting rules Information systems Manufacturing systems Inherited diversity Customer preferences Employee characteristics Business systems Figure 1.4: Three types of diversity [Boone et al. (1997)] Japanese versus UK/European Business Model Unlike western management culture, Japanese management style stress more on getting in groups to provide a solution of the problem. Motivation plays a very important role in determining the performance of any organization. However, Japanese organizations stay short on the motivational factor yet report very high productivity. Azhashemi et al. (1999) describes, that in recent years, more importance has been given to efficient frameworks in order to improve the quality of the management practice. Japanese management style introduced Total Integrated Management (TIM) framework to enable the organization to interrelate each of their facets. As multiple factors are joining hands with management quality, it becomes difficult for an organization to focus on each of these factors and enhance their quality of management practice. The following figure illustrates six critical factors defined in Total Integrated Framework (TIM) which are essential for the success of an effective organization. Business Structure Management Resources Management Design Corporate Culture Management Performance Management Cycle Figure 1.5: Critical Factors of Total Integrated Management (TIM) Framework [Azhashemi et al. (1999)] Total Integrated Management (TIM) framework helps the organization to identify the missing loop in their management practice by defining how the management cycle affects four factors of the organization (Business Structure, Management Resources, Management Design and Corporate Culture) which in turn reflects the performance of the management practices. Azhashemi et al. (1999) also describes that the quality of management cycle is directly proportional to the remaining five factors. If the management cycle shows high quality level, the six factors produce an excellent loop that enables the organization to be proactive and implement them. As discussed earlier, Japanese organizations show low job satisfaction. Career or Job satisfaction can be considered as a division of motivation. Jackson (2002) identified that motivational factors include both individual attributes and cultural values. The following figure describes the cultural differences among East Asian and Western cultures which constitutes the motivational factors. East Asian Western Equity Wealth Group Individual Saving Consumption Extended Family Relations Nuclear and mobile family Highly disciplined/motivated workforce Decline in work ethic and hierarchy Protocol, rank and status Informality and personal competence Avoid conflict Conflict to be managed Figure 1.6: Motivational Factors [Jackson (2002)] The core objective of spirituality is non-economic, yet critical for an individual. Spirituality consists of two main elements which are vision and inspiration. This refers to a framework in which more focus is offered to the individual eliminating the possibility of marginalization of human being. However, the perception of Japanese organization about their employees differs from that of western organization which consider employee as Intellectual Capital. Jackson (2002) defined seven spiritual values which are identified in the Japanese culture. National service through industry Fairness Harmony and cooperation Struggle for betterment Courtesy and humility Adjustment and assimilation Gratitude Jackson (2002) classifies British management culture as low measure of power distance, high on individualism, high on masculinity and very low measure of uncertainty avoidance. British organizations are not total learning organizations. However, British management culture is built around the concept of action learning. The second generation of Learning Organizations can be described as Knowledge Management a transition from British Management Style to Japanese Management Style. Jackson (2002) also suggested following methodology for management learning. Azhashemi et al. (1999) illustrates that UK/European business model framework helps the organization to increase management standards and performance. The basis of this framework is Total Quality Management (TQM) which mainly concentrates on customer satisfaction. This business model consists of nine elements (refer figure 1.7) which enables the organization to assess their business results. These nine elements are further divided into two major categories: Enablers and Results. Enablers consist of elements which convert input into output whereas Results allows the organization to measure their level of output. UK/European business model used a method of self-assessment in order to link and improve each facet of an organization. Azhashemi et al. (1999) suggested some of the key benefits of the self-assessment method. An objective assessment against credible and proven criteria. An assessment based on evidence. An opportunity to focus improvement where it is most needed. An opportunity to promote sharing of good, effective approaches within the organization. An opportunity to learn. The analysis of Total Integrated Management (TIM) of Japanese management style and UK/European business model indicates that the two frameworks concentrate mainly on the concepts of Total Quality Management (TQM). Policy and strategy are the two main elements of Total Integrated Management (TIM) framework which displays the belief of Japanese management style that these policies and strategies can affect both business and management factors. On the other hand, UK/European business model enables the organization to achieve high standards. Indian Management Culture Indian management style is based on its diversity with many religions, customs and ethics. Many believe that the managerial behaviour in India is influenced by values and beliefs an individual possess. Some also believe that people work in an organization only to nuture their supervisors. Spirituality plays an important role in Indian management style. Employees often feel difficult to choose between culture of the organization where they work and their own spiritual beliefs. Due to this, it is very often that people resign their job and start their own business which allows them to live based on their own spiritual values. Kumar et al. (2005) describes that the managers in Indian organizations often display emotionality in decision making. The individualism and collectivism goes hand-in-hand in Indian management style. Individualism defines more importance to an individual goal whereas collectivism refers to high importance to objectives of a group. It is often seen that spirituality acts as an vital function of the management style in which influence of the culture is more dominant. Pawar (2009) defined a relationship between individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes. Individual spirituality injects into the workplace spirituality which in turn affects the motivation and involvement of an individual towards business ethics. Pawar (2009) explained this in figure 1.8. Individual Spirituality Workplace Spirituality Meaning in work Community at work Positive organizational purpose Positive Work Attitudes Job satisfaction Job involvement Organizational commitment Figure 1.8: Effect of Individual Spirituality and Workplace Spirituality on Work Attitudes [Pawar (2009)] However, Indian Management Style has been stirring towards Western management styles. During this process, difference in business practices and cultural values are some of the key challenges which are faced by Indian management style. Kumar et al. (2005) considered an example to explain this in detail, a subsidairy of South Korean firm in India. The study states that their employee receive targets which they should achieve on regular basis. Employees are also expected to raise their performance constantly. This shows that there is a shift from people-centric culture of Indian management style towards work-centric approach of western management style. Clark et al. (2000) defined the emphasis of HRM in seven European countries. In the last part of this section, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of the application of Comparative/Integrative human relations, Business Ethics and Spiritual/Cultural values to HRM practice. Figure 1.10 describes the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of Comparative and Integrative Human Relations to HRM practice. Advantages Disadvantages Provides an overview of cultural differences at both organizational level and national level Both Comparative HRM and Integrative HRM approach only provide a theoretical framework and does not provide a solution-based framework Provides a measure of diversity level at both organizational level as well as national level Major challenges towards implementation are: Globalizing world Robust transfer mechanism More influence of personal values Provides cultural relativity between HRM model, theories and practices Both Comparative HRM and Integrative HRM approach are too expensive to implement Provides global perspective and aid centralization of work Existing dependence of HRM practices on the laws and regulations governed at national level Provides the list of shortcomings in term of cultural issues and institutional issues Marginalize the collective measure of various other aspects between an employee and the organization Helps the organization in standardization and international learning Cultural and Institutional issues occur during communication across nations Figure 1.10: Advantages and Disadvantages of CHRM/IHRM on HRM Practices Figure 1.11 describes the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of Business Ethics and Spiritual/Cultural values to HRM practice. Advantages Disadvantages Improves the involvement and contribution of an employee at the organization Individual spirituality affects the workplace spirituality Helps the organization to improve productivity in line with high job satisfaction Difficult to manage the diversity in cultural values across organization Facilitate the improvement of Personnel Management practices Difference in business ethics and personal ethics results in greater conflicts in work group design Provides cultural relativity between HRM practices and aid international culture HRM practices need constant modification on regular basis Figure 1.11: Advantages and Disadvantages of Business Ethics Spiritual/Cultural values on HRM Practices Summary According to Stashevsky et al. (2006), leadership styles in which leaders possess intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and inspirational motivation to be provided to the followers is known as Transformational Leadership. The term Leadership has always been coupled with strategic human resource management (SHRM). Leadership is one of the key managerial traits used in order to understand SHRM. For the organization to adopt resource-based strategic human resource management, one of the vital constraints required is competencies related to leadership. Generally, in an organizational context, the definition of managerial leadership reflects a process in which an individual exhibits influence upon others. However, there is a difference between a leader and a manager. Bratton et al. (2007) also defined that the reflection of the fact leaders create a vision whereas managers develop plans explains the difference. The study reveals that the leadership style followed in western culture is more influenced by repressive nature of the components which constitutes leadership. On the other hand, non-western culture follows the authority displayed by the autocratic nature of leadership components. Many workers/employees in non-western management style are seen to accept incorrect orders as 1) they are not willing to challenge their supervisors and 2) to show respect to their superiors. HRM practices in an organization confront many challenges due to the influence of spirituality and difference in cultural values. There are advantages and disadvantages in integrating spiritual/cultural values to HRM practices. Comparative HRM and Integrative HRM provides a measure of HRM practices at both organizational and national level. Difference in personal values affects the work group design in an organization. Personnel management which facilitates work group management helps the organization to minimize the effect of personal values by means of taking into account the security of personal information, counselling and specification on job. The following are the key issues faced by work group management due to the difference in personal values in a group. Greater conflicts Poor performance Low job satisfaction Traditional practice of HRM or personnel management concentrates mainly on an individual and offers marginalization of various other aspects between an individual and the organization. Due to globalization, it is not feesible to negate the fact that business is growing in borderless world and differences in cultural values are bound to occur. There are concerns if the organization concentrates on spiritual/cultural values more than business ethics, there are issues if the organization cancel out the actuality of cultural and institutional differences. Universal HRM is the key to success. Universal HRM refer to the process of defining high-level HRM models, theories and practices at both organizational level and national level in order to provide the organization with highly motivated workforce and greater productivity. Irrespective of cultural, institutional and various diversities, Universal HRM allows the organization to achieve their business goals more efficiently. After learning and analyzing the HRM practices followed in both western and non-western management style, Universal HRM is considered to be the Best-Practic

How Management Accounting Is Affected By Changes In The Economy And Business Environment Accounting Essay

How Management Accounting Is Affected By Changes In The Economy And Business Environment Accounting Essay This assignment shall show how management accounting is affected by changes in the economy and business environment. The advances in information and communication technology upon management accounting will be commented on, described and discussed in detail. Management accounting is important nowadays due to the technology and customers are now seeking high quality products at low prices due to the globalization factor. The main reason recently is due to reduction or free trade, so companies from abroad can challenge the local firms. Management accounting is the budgetary information, used by managers and employees within an organization. It provides them with useful accounting information that is forward-looking instead of looking at past trends. Gowthorpe (2008) stated that management accounting information in turn gives better business decision making allowing consistency in management and control functions within an organization, ensuring managers plan, organise and control the business. Management accounting systems provide information, both financial and nonfinancial, to managers and employees inside an organisation. Management accounting information is tailored to the specific needs of each decision maker and is rarely distributed outside the organisation. [Atkinson et al (2001)] In this past decade management accounting has seen changes which have been affected by changes in political leadership, the globalizing forces, technological advances, including the advances of broadband, governance and ethics have all affected management accounting. In this assignment, technological advances and globalization have been chosen as the most important factors in affecting management accounting. One of the most significant influences on management accounting has been the technology resulting in a change for the betterment, as can be seen in the instance of broadband internet technology. The business communication technologies such as e-commerce being business conducted using the internet, have supported business activities making great impact on the business world today by developing a way to ensure considerable cost savings. The on-line sales facilities indicate an ever growing market for the use of ecommerce. Showing a new way on how sales and profits can be achieved by such a streamlined business process and the system must be used proficiently than rivals providing potential for firms to ensure a competitive advantage. The use of internet continues to unsettle and alter other markets. There is also one further advanced IT application being used called enterprise resource planning systems (ERPS). The ERPS includes a bundle of integrated software application that controls the relevant figures within a business, including bookkeeping, budgeting and product profitability analysis for accounting purposes. The modules are there as a complete set of relevant information is in this database and so users can use it directly from a PC according to Drury (2004). The technological advancement has affected use of accounting information and production. As explained above accountants now write-up, store, manage and address the data in computers that are then easily accessible directly by managers. The managers go on to make better decisions so they generate reports and analyse in further detail by using the spreadsheet software on the computers. Just-in-time (JIT) theory ensures there is minimum waste in producing the product and prevents activities that waste cost and do not add value to the product. The time for the product or good to be made can be decreased by restructuring and making the production process simpler. Garrison et al (2003) stated some benefits in using a JIT system that include funds that were tied up can be used elsewhere; time is reduced, leading to even more potential output and quicker response to customers. JIT also ensures reduction in defect rates resulting in customers being further satisfied and so there will be less wastage in producing replacements in the long term. Horngren et al (2002) stated there are many graphics packages that include CAD and CAM that aid this production process. CAD is used to design products that can be manufactured efficiently. Companies also use CAM (computer-aided-manufacturing), where the computer gives instruction and controls the production equipment. Leading to fewer delays with more efficient flow of production, costs are saved due to not requiring the need for hiring a workforce to do this. Using the computer-controlled machines is called computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIM). The two factors globalization and ICT have a connection as can be seen with internet, provides firms with access to a widespread market, geographically scattered customers, and suppliers. So with internet the whole world can be accessed easily by the business. Globalization is a process of interaction among companies and potential buyers maybe in different countries driven by international trade, investment and is supported through a medium by IT. This process affects management accounting and the countries get affected in various forms. The globalization factor has been happening rapidly in recent times due to changes in habits of buyers, sellers and advances in technology to open up even more markets. (http://www.globalization101.org/What_is_Globalization.html) Looking at the manufacturing industry, in the 70s there was rapid incoming competition from overseas firms, offering high quality products at much lower prices. This was because they could reduce their costs, so the firms here could only survive had they cut their costs; improve quality and products compared to the elite companies worldwide. The future though is looking bright for manufacturing companies as they are using technology well. Robots and computer-controlled equipment have replaced human labour. In direct production activities, human labour was identified as the highest cost in management accounting systems. In the last 20 years or so there have been a reduction in tariffs, quotas and other barriers in free trade. There have been greater sales from internet usage and improvements of global transport systems have ensured further globalization. Nowadays international competition is threatening local companies that are profitable in local markets. Though globalisation is greatly responsible for greater competition, it does give more access to new markets, customers and workers. Garrison et al (2007). There has been a change in companys strategies due to pressed foreign competition and growing multiplication of businesses. The changes have resulted in more accurate and high standards in management accounting such as JIT. Nowadays companies are adjusting their accounting systems for better decision making so they seek accurate and timely information about costs that include products, services and activities within the business. To remain competitive, managers need to understand the costs and implications of their decision making with help of management accountants on use of decision trees to help decision making. Reduction in trade barriers results in globalization at a high level affecting companies in the home market from strong and aggressive companies from overseas. There is a need to cut costs and ensure the quality of products is as good as or better than its overseas competitors. Companies need to ensure the management accounting is there to use and is up there with the highest of standards. If it is not up to scratch then even the best effort and hard work of employees within the organization wont make the firm competitive enough to win the fight against overseas rivals. The globalization in the economy has resulted in greater competition due to lesser selling prices as companies can afford to keep cheaper prices so there needs to be a well management in managing costs and the pricing of goods. The global economy has been ever changing in recent times and now with instant communications and competition, companies are required to continuously improve performance every year in management accounting in terms of cost, quality and service. Morse et al (2002). Nowadays the use of a well structured and thought out management accounting system that enhances the businesses performance to ensure they can keep up to date with the current changing trend of the economy. This is a change from when there was no need to keep costs down and out-of date management accounts, which is no longer possible as for a top firm that is successful needs an up to date management accounting is required. To conclude one can say globalization and IT have played an important role in affecting management accounting practice. Globalization has forced firms to be more efficient or competitive therefore it has directly affected management accounting because firms have to improve their standards. An improvement in IT has changed the way management accounting is done. Management accountants have started implementing various programmes such as JIT to improve standards and remain competitive. Therefore it can be said that these two factors have been significant in changing the role of management accounting.

Life Long Learners :: Teaching Education School Essays

Life Long Learners Throughout history, schools and the students within them have changed drastically. Now, more than ever before, one can find many students of very different ages and races with very stark differences in their ethnic and cultural beliefs. Because of such a variety of learners, it is necessary for knowledge to be colorful as well. The gaining of knowledge always follows the constructs set by those who attain it. The gaining of knowledge is neither absolute nor relative; it’s both. Every student, regardless of standing or background, is entitled to the building blocks of greater knowledge. In turn, each student is not limited to this learning foundation; he or she will inevitably be involved in learning pertaining to his or her personal preference, and should be encouraged to do so. With these two types of learning, absolute and relative, and observing the vast variety of types of individuals, the quantity and quality of the acquisition of knowledge is greatly i ncreased. Schools exist to encourage and fuel these possibilities. Public education is a tool which is used to expand the minds and knowledge of each and every learner. This tool not only provides knowledge but it also enriches the lives of all who take advantage of the opportunity. Public education additionally molds a well-rounded society of learners. Throughout my public school experience I often found myself interested and involved within the classroom. No matter where I went from the cafeteria, to Biology class, I couldn’t avoid learning. To this point I have been a learner and will continue to learn and become a life long learner. I have attained absolute knowledge in subjects such as Calculus and Geography from public schools, and I continue to broaden this learning through college. Learning about how to live and about the very different people around me has also been a skill I have naturally attained by going to school with many different students who look, spea k, and act very differently. I have learned to be both a scholar and a gregarious adult. Through public schools, I hope to reflect the skills I have gained and to pass such things on to my students. Public Schools and all their teachings are the vehicle of which I hope to be a part to pass on this knowledge.

How Men View Women in History - Through Voltaire, John Locke, Joesph Co

America has made great advances in women’s rights over the last few decades. Women are prominent in the work place, living independently, and even running for office. However, this has not always been the case, during the course of history, women have been subjected to slavery, denied the right to vote, and have been viewed as property. Throughout all of human history women have been mistreated by men. 70 years after the American Revolution, white males enjoyed freedoms they viewed as their god given rights, but woman were somehow left out, they even seemed to be excluded from the constitution (â€Å"All men are created equal.†) â€Å"After so much had been done to ensure America’s freedom, it was hypocritical that woman were not allowed to vote, married woman had no property rights, and husbands possessed so much legal power they could beat or imprison their wives on a whim. Even most professions were closed to women, it would be unheard of to see a woman practicing medicine or law. The jobs that were available to women only paid a fraction of what the men were making.† [Eisenberg] This made women completely dependant on men. Women’s oppression is not just unique to our history alone. Different civilizations around the world have portrayed women despicably. In Japan during world war two, teenage girls were rounded up into sex camps. â€Å"An estimated one hundred thousand to four hundred thousand girls were forced to do sexual favors for Japanese soldiers, some of the girls were as young as 11 years old. They serviced up to 50 Japanese soldiers a day, while enduring beatings, starvation, sterilization and abortions. Even today, over half the 27 million people enslaved are woman in underground sex brothels.† [Robinson] In J... ...ic will help some woman see hope too, then so be it). â€Å"I would not even have mentioned my own misfortunes, if you had not irked me a bit, and if it weren’t the custom, on shipboard, to pass the time with stories.† [Candide, ] For her, tales of woe are neither enriching nor moving, only a way of making a point (and passing some time). Though her suffering does not move her to self-pity, it does shape the simplicity and frankness that define her character. In conclusion, even though our society would like to believe that women have always had equal liberties (with men) in everything they do, we can see this is not the case. Throughout human history, woman has believed she is inferior to man, however, now with our civilization progressing in the women’s right movement everyday, women can finally come to terms with the fact that they are indeed equal to men.

A Communist Society Essay -- Karl Marx Communism Manifesto Essays

A Communist Society A communist society is very different than the society Americans find themselves living in today. Communism is a term of ancient origin and is not a form of political party, but a type of socialism where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Therefore, the individual members of this, foreign, society blend into one greater populist all striving to succeed the same goal. In a communist neighborhood everyone shares and there is no wealth, or poverty, no social status at all. This concept of communism comes from a man, Karl Marx, the author of The Communist Manifesto. He shares his ideas of a utopian society and how to achieve it. For Karl Marx the individual man is a being he has the power to forge himself into what he desires, or what is desired for him. Marx decided men could be changed unlike things in nature that remain the same throughout time, "Yet, man does change in the course of history; he develops himself; he transforms himself; he makes his history; he is his own product..." (Fromm 26) It is here that Marx decided that this is what happened to the capitalist society. They chose to forge themselves to be the evil and greedy men communists believe they are today. Now that men can choose how they are to develop it is time for the individual in communism to be born. And the prototypical man for a communist society looks something like this: hardworking, always does his share of the work, never late to work, never leaves early, never complains that his pay is the same as the guy who works half as hard. A man who knows his place and understands that the good of the group comes before his own personal good. See, communists share everything, on paper communism is perfect... ...ite simply. The steps they take and methods to their madness are for them to understand. And if the people for which the society stand are knowingly involving themselves then it is nobody's place or right to tell them that they are wrong. It is no-one's business but their own. If a society can survive through the troubles of today's world, all the better and though it is different it does not mean wrong. FOOTNOTES - Fromm, Erich. Marx's Concept of Man. Fredrick Ungar Publishing Co. New York, 1966 - Dupre, Louis. Marx's Social Critique of Culture. Yale University Press. New Haven and London, 1983 - Gonzalez, Gilbert G. Progressive Education: A Marxist Interpretation. Marxist Educational Press. Minneapolis, 1982 - Zaretsky, Eli. Capitalism the Family and Professional Life. Harper and Row Publishers. New York, 1976

Preparation and Sn1 Reactivity of 2-Bromobutane

Preparation and SN1 Reactivity of 2-Bromobutane Whitney Bellido Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160 Submitted: April 4th, 2013 Introduction The overall goal of this experiment is to understand and be familiar of SN1 reactivity. We also learned how to prepare 2-Bromobutane by learning how to distill and extract this product from its organic layer. Finally, another goal was to specifically understand the relative reactivity of alkyl halides under SN1 conditions by reacting the alkyl halide and silver nitrate in ethanol.Results and Discussion The Overall Reaction The Proposed Mechanism Experimental Procedure To prepare the 2-Bromobutane you must fill a 100 mL round bottom flask with 20 mL of 12M sulfuric acid and 7. 4 mL of 2-butanol. Then add 8. 0 g of ammonium bromide along with a magnetic stir bar. Then attach the flask to the apparatus, which is mounted on a Thermowell over a stirrer and a condenser attached to it, along with the thermometer in the flask. Then the mixture was heated at 90oC then kept at the range of 90oC-100oC for 30 minutes.When that is completed add 20 mL of water into the flask to perform a simple distillation to collect the distillate in a graduated cylinder, keep doing this until there is no more 2-Bromobutane collected. Use a Pasteur pipette to draw off the organic layer to another container. Add the potassium carbonate to allow the liquid to dry by swirling it. Once this is completed the reactivity of alkyl halides under SN1 conditions was tested. Adding two drops of our product and the other different compounds into different test tubes along with 1mL of ethanolic silver nitrate reagent.We are comparing these by seeing how they react and if there is no reaction after 5 minutes we will place the test tubes in a beaker of water that is heated at a temperature of 70oC-80oC and observe what happens. Experimental Stoichiometry Compound| Molecular Weight| Quantity| Moles| 2-Butanol| 74. 122 g/mol| 7. 41 mL (6. 01 g)| 0. 081| Sulfuric Acid| 98. 079 g/mol| 20. 1 mL| 0. 242| Ammonium Bromide | 97. 94 g/mol| 8. 02 g| 0. 082| The limiting reagent is the 2-Butanol. Yield Data Product Name| 2-Bromobutane | Molecular Weight| 137. 02 g/mol| Boiling Point Range| 89Â °C-91Â °C|Theoretical Yield (Moles)| 0. 081 moles| Theoretical Yield (grams)| 11. 09 grams| Actual Yield (grams)| 6. 84 grams| Actual Yield (moles)| 0. 05 moles| Percent Yield| 62%| NMR table Signal| Chemical Shift (ppm)| Multiplicity | Integration | A| 4. 1 ppm| Sextet| 1| B| 1. 85 ppm| Pentet| 2| C| 1. 7 ppm| Doublet| 3| D| 1. 05 ppm| Triplet| 3| Reactivity of Alkyl Halides Compound| Room Temperature| Heating| 1-Bromobutane | After 30 seconds, the mixture was a cloudy whitish color but no precipitate formed| After 5 minutes, it changed into a yellow color with precipitate formed. 2-Bromobutane | After 30 seconds, the mixture was a light yellowish color and a precipitate formed instantly. | Not Heated| 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane| After 30 seconds, the mixture was yellow and a precipitate formed instantly. | Not Heated | Compound| Room Temperature| Heating| 1-Chlorobutane | After 30 seconds, the mixture was clear. | After 5 minutes, the color changed slightly to white and lightly cloudy. | 2-Bromobutane | After 30 seconds, the mixture was a white cloudy color and formed a precipitate instantly. Not Heated| 2-Iodobutane| After 30 seconds, the mixture was yellow and precipitated instantly. | Not Heated| Conclusion In conclusion, the SN1 reaction of 2-Bromobutane was performed. According to the Yield Data table, when the actual yield and theoretical yield are calculated we can get the percent yield, which was 62%. At least this number was higher than 50%; I can understand how this could have happened. When I was drying the reagent with potassium carbonate, prior to that I had put the other pellets, which were calcium chloride on accident.This probably affected my percent yield also with the fact that the temper ature was not well maintained it kept fluctuating under 90OC. According to the reactivity of alkyl halides, the results of these tables can concluded the theories of the conditions of SN1 reactions. The first table states that the tertiary carbocation are more stable which allows this reaction to perform faster than second and primary structured carbocations. Then the second table can concludes that iodine is the best leaving group because it is a much weaker base than the bromide ion and chloride ion causing it to react faster.

Apollo Group Phoenix University Essay

What constitutes as educate? The make to this question is there is stiff and knowledge commensurate prep. Formal bringing up is those programs that take part in an educational or training institution, with the goal of obtaining a certificate, diploma, or degree. A broader definition could also admit incorporated activities that argon not part of formal training and often referred to as non-credit on non- idle accomplishment activities-usually called informal learning- argon not usually considered to constitute training per se, but they may influence corporation by learners. The objective of trainings in my selected organic law is based on its strategy to forth beat its competitors through spoken language of quality carrefours in an on time delivery status and this is accomplished through informal trainings (Palameta, Meyers, Gyarmati, Voyer, 2014).The relationship between training programs institution and capabilities are to recognize the purpose of the training pr ogram which is to help employees learn the skills inevitable to help the judicature accomplish its strategies in meeting customers expectations of services and products offered by the association and to build on wealth for its shareholders. To image an efficient training program it is up to the trainer to establish what the capabilities of the governments employees are to sire effective learners and what changes in behaviors of employees contribute to particularized learning outcomes, this would include, verbal information, which is retort of call or labels, facts and bodies of knowledge. It includes specialized knowledge that employees convey in their jobs, for example in my selected musical arrangement which is a distribution center for Hon article of furniture Manufacture, it is imperative that employees know the technique of employ a scanner to scan product into location, label product for special boodle on delivery and stage those specific products in the correct loading zones. every of these function rely on recall of information. Intellectual skills which consist of concepts and rules. This is important mark for employees to have for solving problems, serving customers and creating problems. In the Hon constitution employees input and ideals are boost on how to crusade product in the most efficient unspoilt and well-timed manner, employees are rewarded for ideals that best suit the companies twenty-four hour period to day operations. Motors skills are critical for Hon dispersal Center as motors skill include coordination of physical movement, employees that are hired to do the job for the company must be able to left product in a safe manner and move product to different location indoors the facility and load product into qualify transportation vehicles. All employees start the day with a trainer guided figure before the start of work severally work day. And are required to face trainings for safe lifting practices each year (N oe, 2011).Attitudes of employees toward the organization is important, it consist of the beliefs and behavior of each individual employee, It is important to the organization that each employee is recognise for hard work done and that the employee are given a chance to mouth thoughts and given feedback on work work before the end of each shift. Employees are made to feel that their beliefs and thoughts matter to the organization and that they are not just considered workers for the company. cognitive strategies relate to the process of learning, employees are enjoin during the learning process to relate learning material to the importance of being able to complete a job for the organization in the most efficient and safe manner and how to solve problems when they arise on the job (Noe, 2011).ReferencesLast bear on, F. M. (Year). Article Title. diary Title, Pages From To. Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name Publisher Name.

Beloved on Slavery

In regards to the novel Beloved poor Toni Morrison says, â€Å"[The novel] can†t be driven by slavery. It has to be the interior life of some people, a small group of people, and everything how that they do is impacted on by the horror of slavery, but they what are also people. † Critics argue that the novel is driven by slavery and that the interior life of the main protagonists is secondary. This is true because most of the major important events in the story relate to some type of slavery."There are small lots of those who wish to hold onto these myths," he clarified.At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. old Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr.That having been said, it was very much market and big business driven.

they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. heavenly Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". .The electorate ought to be aware of the way they do this.â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive how are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns honey Sweet Home into a real slave plantation.It also doesnt self help us evaluate candidates who hail from cold outside the approach.

She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain wired and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute part she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave bird catchers will do anything to bring back poor fugitive slaves and that dead slaves how are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into how her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him.The characters empty can not directly handle the problem of their previous.Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only negative affect Sethe, but it changes things good for Beloved and Denver as well. dearly Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own dear mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery.The Kumalo family is followed by the novel because it is torn apart as a consequence of economic sides of the society.

I will never run from another thing on how this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when how she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to well Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved.The how lovely girl has gone, states Kamar.2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish angeles long term relationships because he is still hurting extract from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. young Schoolteacher also takes his pride and young manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit.Paul D compares himself to a chicken.Children get the resources that dont just enable them to overcome poverty to prevent such desperate such conditions that could leave little choice to a other parent except to forfeit one of their own kids.

last Even after he escapes and is a free man, little Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again.In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another.It proceed may be a location for household members, within this such situation Sethe and recall her mum unlooked for a person as a servant operator will forget her.As unlooked for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her ffrench constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak.Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, how she needs to accept what has happened and move on.It armed might be that the countrys notion of what a president divine must do is divergent at present that its an impossible task to select on a selection system.

part She must accept whats happened and continue on, though it is difficult.Things shouldnt how have occurred.This concept is revisited at the conclusion of the book .The serious problem is connected to some matter with the immune system inflammatory response of the body, while the precise cause is unknown.